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Post by skyship on Dec 10, 2010 12:53:33 GMT -5
So, if replication occurs at the S phase in cells in the liquid pathways, then this is where the recombination must take place as well, or the induction of the foreign dna. ========= Control of Cyclin D1, p27Kip1, and Cell Cycle Progression in Human Capillary Endothelial Cells by Cell Shape and Cytoskeletal Tension ......"The G1/S cell cycle arrest observed in suspended fibroblasts has been attributed to increased levels of the cdk inhibitors p27Kip1 and p21Cip1, which inhibit the kinase activity of cdks and prevent cell cycle progression (Sherr and Roberts, 1995; Fang et al., 1996; Schulze et al., 1996; Zhu et al., 1996). However, other studies show that an intact cytoskeleton is required for cell adhesion to promote passage through this cell cycle checkpoint by using cytochalasin drugs that disrupt actin network continuity (Ingber et al., 1995; Iwig et al., 1995; Bohmer et al., 1996)"............. www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/content/full/9/11/3179========================== what are the suspended fibroblasts, I think that explosion you talked of Kammy, is what happens here in the fibroblasts, which appears to "disrupt the actin network continuity" =============================== Cyclin D1, p27Kip1 OKAY, GPS Pathway into cells? ========================== Pathway Map Details Immune response_MIF-JAB1 signaling www.genego.com/map_520.phpSkyship
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Post by skyship on Dec 10, 2010 12:57:54 GMT -5
MIF: takes us into the jnk, which is on the X chromosome. What they call junk dna, this is where a secondary system could be integrated, in the extracellular autorepressive areas. Intracellular, between cells.========================== Here we show that MIF specifically interacts with an intracellular protein, Jab1, which is a coactivator of AP-1 transcription that also promotes degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 (ref. 10). MIF colocalizes with Jab1 in the cytosol, and both endogenous and exogenously added MIF following endocytosis bind Jab1. MIF inhibits Jab1- and stimulus-enhanced AP-1 activity, but does not interfere with the induction of the transcription factor NFkappaB. Jab1 activates c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) activity and enhances endogenous phospho-c-Jun levels, and MIF inhibits these effects. MIF also antagonizes Jab1-dependent cell-cycle regulation by increasing p27Kip1 expression through stabilization of p27Kip1 protein. Consequently, Jab1-mediated rescue of fibroblasts from growth arrest is blocked by MIF. Amino acids 50-65 and Cys 60 of MIF are important for Jab1 binding and modulation. We conclude that MIF may act broadly to negatively regulate Jab1-controlled pathways and that the MIF-Jab1 interaction may provide a molecular basis for key activities of MIF.
www.cellcycles.org/showabstract.php?pmid=11089976====================== AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. The transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein-1) is involved in cellular proliferation, transformation and death. Using mice and cells lacking AP-1 components, the target-genes and molecular mechanisms mediating these processes were recently identified. Interestingly, the growth-promoting activity of c-Jun is mediated by repression of tumour suppressors, as well as upregulation of positive cell cycle regulators. Mostly, c-Jun is a positive regulator of cell proliferation, whereas JunB has the converse effect..... www.cellcycles.org/showabstract.php?pmid=11988758AP-1 ===== Human proto-oncogene c-jun encodes a DNA binding protein with structural and functional properties of transcription factor AP-1 1. D Bohmann, 2. TJ Bos, 3. A Admon, 4. T Nishimura, 5. PK Vogt and 6. R Tjian + Author Affiliations 1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Abstract Nuclear oncogene products have the potential to induce alterations in gene regulation leading to the genesis of cancer. The biochemical mechanisms by which nuclear oncoproteins act remain unknown. Recently, an oncogene, v-jun, was found to share homology with the DNA binding domain of a yeast transcription factor, GCN4. Furthermore, GCN4 and the phorbol ester-inducible enhancer binding protein, AP-1, recognize very similar DNA sequences. The human proto-oncogene c-jun has now been isolated, and the deduced amino acid sequence indicates more than 80 percent identity with v-jun. Expression of cloned c-jun in bacteria produced a protein with sequence-specific DNA binding properties identical to AP-1. Antibodies raised against two distinct peptides derived from v-jun reacted specifically with human AP-1. In addition, partial amino acid sequence of purified AP-1 revealed tryptic peptides in common with the c-jun protein. The structural and functional similarities between the c-jun product and the enhancer binding protein suggest that AP-1 may be encoded by c-jun. These findings demonstrate that the proto-oncogene product of c-jun interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression, and therefore it may now be possible to identify genes under the control of c-jun that affect cell growth and neoplasia.www.sciencemag.org/content/238/4832/1386.abstract======================== c-jun c-jun From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jun oncogene PDB rendering based on 1a02. [show]Available structures PDB 1a02, 1fos, 1jnm, 1jun, 1s9k, 1t2k Identifiers Symbols JUN; AP1; c-Jun External IDs OMIM: 165160 MGI: 96646 HomoloGene: 1679 GeneCards: JUN Gene [show]Gene Ontology Molecular function • transcription factor activity • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity • sequence-specific DNA binding • protein dimerization activity Cellular component • nuclear chromosome • nucleus • transcription factor complex Biological process • regulation of progression through cell cycle • transcription • regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • leading edge cell differentiation • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources: Amigo / EGO RNA expression pattern PBB GE JUN 201464 x at tn.png PBB GE JUN 201465 s at tn.png PBB GE JUN 201466 s at tn.png More reference expression data Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3725 16476 Ensembl ENSG00000177606 ENSMUSG00000052684 UniProt P05412 Q3US19 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002228 NM_010591 RefSeq (protein) NP_002219 NP_034721 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 59.02 - 59.02 Mb Chr 4: 94.54 - 94.54 Mb PubMed search [1] [2] c-Jun is the name of a gene and protein that, in combination with c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. It was first identified as the Fos-binding protein p39 and only later rediscovered as the product of the c-jun gene. It is activated through double phosphorylation by the JNK pathway but has also a phosphorylation-independent function. c-Jun knockout is lethal, but transgenic animals with a mutated c-Jun that cannot be phosphorylated (termed c-JunAA) can survive. This gene is the putative transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus 17. It encodes a protein that is highly similar to the viral protein, and that interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. This gene is intronless and is mapped to 1p32-p31, a chromosomal region involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies.[1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-jun=============== c-JunAA:
putative transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus 17.
========== Evidence that the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus encodes a protein kinase associated with a phosphoprotein..."Avian sarcoma virus (ASV) induces sarcomas in animals and transforms fibroblasts to a neoplastic state in cell culture. A single viral gene (src) is responsible for both the induction and maintenance of neoplastic transformation. Recent work has identified a protein with a molecular weight of 60, 000 daltons that is apparently encoded in src and may be the effector molecule for the gene (Brugge and Erikson, 1977; Purchio et al., 1978). "............. ...j"A temperature-sensitive conditional mutation in src caused the kinase activity to be thermally inactivated in vitro far more rapidly than the activity from cells infected with wild-type virus. We conclude that both the protein kinase and pp60 are encoded in src, and that the enzymatic activity may be an intrinsic property of pp60.Phosphorylation of pp60 in cellular extracts was inhibited by calcium ion, whereas the immunoprecipitable kinase activity was not, suggesting that the kinase responsible for pp60 phosphorylation may be distinct from that encoded in src. Collett and Erikson (1978) have also identified a protein kinase activity associated with pp60. These findings raise the possibility that phosphorylation of specific cellular targets might account for transformation of the host cell by src."........... www.cell.com/abstract/0092-8674%2878%2990024-7================
pp60: A single viral gene..................neoplastic is cancerous.......=============== v-src, pp60 A tyrosine-specific protein kinase encoded by the v-src oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus. The transforming activity of pp60(v-src) depends on both the lack of a critical carboxy-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation site at position 527, and the attachment of pp60(v-src) to the plasma membrane which is accomplished by myristylation of its N-terminal glycine. EC 2.7.11.-.www.online-medical-dictionary.org/v-src,+pp60.asp?q=v-src%2C+pp60 ======================= The pro cancer creation.............
===== Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) in Books NLM PubMed Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinases encoded by the c-src genes. They have an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to PP60(V-SRC) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase. www.reference.md/files/D016/mD016392.html============== pp60(c-src) and related tyrosine kinases: a role in the assembly and reorganization of matrix adhesions.The p60c-src family of protein-tyrosine kinases: structure, regulation, and function. Brickell PM. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, U.K. Abstract In 1911, Peyton Rous reported that a fibrosarcoma could be transmitted between chickens in a cell-free extract of the tumor. The transmissible agent, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), transforms cells by virtue of the presence within its genome of a viral oncogene, v-src, which is derived from a normal cellular gene that has been picked up, or transduced, by the virus. T his cellular proto-oncogene, c-src, encodes a protein, p60c-src, which has the ability to phosphorylate proteins on tyrosine residues. Studies of RSV were thus directly responsible for the discovery of cellular proto-oncogenes and of protein-tyrosine kinases, discoveries which have been fundamental in shaping our ideas about cellular growth control. In spite of this, the normal biological role of p60c-src is still unclear and it remains impossible to provide a full answer to the question of how RSV causes tumors. It is clear, however, that c-src is the prototype of a family of at least 8 closely related genes encoding protein tyrosine kinases, the other family members being blk, c-fgr, fyn, hck, lck, lyn, and c-yes. The purpose of this review is to outline our current knowledge of the structure, expression pattern, and function of each of the members of the c-src gene family and to describe recent data which begins to explain how these proteins interact with other cellular proteins to control cell behavior. The evidence for involvement of these proteins in oncogenesis is also discussed. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1384720================ blk, c-fgr, fyn, hck, lck, lyn, and c-yes
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 13:51:20 GMT -5
single-stranded DNA loops? Here's some photos of human arm lesion at 300x in nutrient agar, that show the resemblance to what is happening above with the above heteroduplex, replication fork, single-stranded DNA loops mention: tinypic.com/r/1ibu9x/7This shows that this action comes from the micelle unfolding/exploding: tinypic.com/r/2z8u4va/7For future reference, this photo shows how the micelles not only stack to make fibers but stack to make baculoviral capsids, see the underside of this carbon-like crystal formation - the micelles in a row...? tinypic.com/r/2ed0dcj/7Also, in the background, we see more baby micelles being born as the adult is now in the form of a capsid. More unraveling... tinypic.com/r/2i8x0tc/7
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 13:53:19 GMT -5
Yeah, Sky is here! ty ty... lol This feels so overwhelming! Gasp... I know we're close!!
I think we're just full of DMSO... instead of the other 4 letter word? ;D
Let me read what you wrote...
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 14:19:52 GMT -5
That's over my head, Sky but that's ok, most of this is anyway. We all have something to participate and have our understandings of what we're looking for. I think that you and Jen understand this on the genetic level going forward from a starting place, where I'm still trying to get to the starting place. It's kinda' like we're working from the far end of the path walking our way toward its beginning and making discoveries along the way. There's so much information here to look at, enough for all. Hopefully, we'll understand it well enough soon, I keep walking and hope that something I say makes sense to someone that will know what to do with it. I predict a light bulb is about to go on...
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 14:25:03 GMT -5
BTW - whatever is happening in that rat's tongue above - is happening in us.
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 14:48:05 GMT -5
The Search criteria is - 'DMSO microscopic photos': A comparison of dispersing media for various engineered carbon nanoparticles biomedcentral.inist.fr/index_affiche_revue.php?Affiche=affiche_html&ui=1743-8977-4-6&format=html&journal=10072&PHPSESSID=8538e904e1c7cc1150611800ebc82ec4"Background With the increased manufacture and use of carbon nanoparticles (CNP) there has been increasing concern about the potential toxicity of fugitive CNP in the workplace and ambient environment. Conclusion This work demonstrates that CNP agglomerates are present in all dispersing vehicles to some degree. The vehicle that contains some protein, lipid or protein/lipid component disperses the CNP best, producing fewer large CNP agglomerates. In contrast, vehicles absent of lipid and protein produce the largest CNP agglomerates. The source of the CNP is also a factor in the degree of particle agglomeration within the same vehicle." *ALL of these images look familiar. Maybe not in this form exactly but a modified form of CNP is involved?
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 14:57:56 GMT -5
The Search criteria is - 'DMSO microscopic photos': This shows a very defined micelle but the photo is very small: www.nature.com/onc/journal/v26/n43/full/1210456a.html"Abnormal centrosome numbers are detected in virtually all cancers. The molecular mechanisms that underlie centrosome amplification, however, are poorly characterized. Based on the model that each maternal centriole serves as a template for the formation of one and only one daughter centriole per cell division cycle, the prevailing view is that centriole overduplication arises from successive rounds of centriole reproduction. Here, we provide evidence that a single maternal centriole can concurrently generate multiple daughter centrioles. Moreover, we show that the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein stimulates aberrant daughter centriole numbers in part through the formation of more than one daughter centriole at single maternal templates." *That was HPV-16 mentioned above in Post 104 also.
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Post by skyship on Dec 10, 2010 15:02:31 GMT -5
I am glad you brought up the centrosome..
So podosome, centrosome, invadosome.
What is with the Some thing?
there are hydrogenosomes, I wonder if that is the new system or leads to the new micelle system, the artificial one.
We will get there, you seem to be dancing around it.
Thank you.
Skyship
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 15:08:25 GMT -5
Are they talking about the cells/micelles multiplying in an out-of-control manner?:
"centriole overduplication arises from successive rounds of centriole reproduction"?
One mother is making many daughters?:
"Here, we provide evidence that a single maternal centriole can concurrently generate multiple daughter centrioles."
Where do centrioles come from?
Ja, ja - I keep dancing... ;D
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 15:24:40 GMT -5
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 15:58:38 GMT -5
The Search criteria is - 'DMSO microscopic photos': Particle Size: In science the size of the microscopic particles are pretty much in concrete. As an example - It has been very puzzling as to how I could show something at 100x that Carnicom was showing at 10,000x. This explains it, these micelles are from (about 50 nm –5 µm) a big difference: www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS2(3)/J.Saunders/microscopy.htmA Novel Skin Penetration Enhancer: Evaluation By Membrane Diffusion And Confocal Microscopy "Fig.3 a) Emzaloid particles observed in Athru-Derm using CLSM (magn.=63, zoom×2.5;excitation =568 nm; long pass filter: 590 nm). Note the range of particle sizes (about 50 nm –5 µm) and striking contrast with the background, demonstrating high affinity with the lipophilic Nile red. The spherical structures observed in Voltaren Emulgel (b) are nearly uniform in size and considerably larger than emzaloids." Fig.4 Cryo-electron microscopic confirmation of particle size difference in Athru-Derm (a), and Voltaren Emulgel (b). "Fig.5 Image obtained by optical sectioning within the epidermis after the skin was soaked in the Nile red dyed Athru-Derm (magn.=63, zoom×2). Note the presence of submicron emzaloids in the extracellular regions associated with the membranes. The cell nuclei (dark spaces) did not take up Nile red at all. Larger emzaloids (> 1 µm) were not present in this optical plane." This is a most interesting statement!: "In this case, it was suggested that single molecules which make up such structures might penetrate the intercellular spaces in dispersed form, and at certain regions in the stratum corneum, are able to accumulate and reform into microspheres." What's an emzaloid? Got it.
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 16:34:53 GMT -5
The Search criteria is - 'DMSO microscopic photos': www.nanoprobes.com/newsletters/Vol8_Iss7.html"Upper row: Comparison between (left) conventional DAB detection with H&E counterstain and (center) EnzMet with nuclear fast red counterstain: detection of HER2 gene copies in paraffin-embedded infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (micrographs courtesy of Raymond R. Tubbs, Cleveland Clinic Foundation) (right) immunohistochemical staining of cytokeratin: human prostate cancer slide from Dako, stained using Cytokeratin AE1/3 primary antibody and enzyme metallographic secondary, counterstained with Eosin. Lower row: (left) the enzyme metallographic process; (right) schematic of the combined immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization protocols used for the EnzMet GenePro concomitant gene and protein assay, showing the localization of the targets and the different detection probes." I am in particular interested in the top photo right. This shows what I just showed how the micelles stack to form what I call a baculoviral capsid above. tinypic.com/view.php?pic=2ed0dcj&s=7They are calling this crystal capsule a cytokeratin. (A baculovirus can still be a part of this such I see, it just may not be mentioned.)
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 16:42:46 GMT -5
Cytokeratin en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokeratin"Cytokeratins are proteins of keratin-containing intermediate filaments found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. There are two types of cytokeratins: the acidic type I cytokeratins and the basic or neutral type II cytokeratins. Cytokeratins are usually found in pairs comprising a type I cytokeratin and a type II cytokeratin. Expression of these cytokeratins is frequently organ or tissue specific. Over 25,000 published articles exist in the biomedical research literature that used the term "cytokeratin"."
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Post by kammy on Dec 10, 2010 16:58:59 GMT -5
Search criteria is - microscopic photos of Cytokeratin "Case of the Week #136 Clinical History A 24 year old woman had a 6 cm cystic lesion in the head of the pancreas, which was excised. Diagnosis: Acinar cell cystadenoma of the pancreas Acinar cell cystadenoma of the pancreas is a rare benign cystic neoplasm of the pancreas (Pancreas 2008;37:254) that occurs 70% of the time in women (Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:698). It averages 6 cm in size, and contains unilocular or multilocular cysts containing watery fluid, that are usually not connected with the pancreatic ductal system."
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Post by skyship on Dec 11, 2010 0:54:11 GMT -5
Vesicle and Micelles Vesicles are the biological form of micelles:================= Surfactant molecules are made up of two moieties that have antagonistic properties, a polar or electrically charged hydrophilic moiety and a hydrophobic moiety, most often an alkyl chain. In aqueous solution, most surfactants self-assemble and form micelles when their concentration becomes larger than the so-called critical micellization concentration (CMC). In micelles (from the Greek mica, which means “grain”), the alkyl chains are in contact and form an oily core that is coated by the polar head groups. The outer layer that contains head groups, counterions (in the case of ionic surfactants), water and the first methylene group of the alkyl chain is called the palisade layer. The formation of micelles is a cooperative process that is spontaneous and reversible. Micelles are thermodynamically stable species that are in chemical equilibrium with free surfactants. Some surfactants self-assemble into closed bilayers called vesicles (or liposomes when formed from phospholipids). Vesicles are often spherical but can take other shapes and can be unilamellar or multilamellar. A is micelle and B is a vesicleFig. 1. (A) A micelle (diameter: 5 nm); and (B) a vesicle (diameter: 20-1000 nm, thickness: 4-5 nm) of spherical shape. The alkyl chains were represented in a disordered state reminiscent of the liquid-like structure of the aggregate core. Such a representation is closer to reality than that where the alkyl chains are represented straight and normal to the assembly surface...." Vesicles are model systems for biological cells and can be used for entrapping active compounds in their insides. Besides, vesicles and micelles are used as microreactors for performing chemical reactions and preparing solid nanoparticles of varied shapes. ".....Keywords: Micelle; Vesicle; Internal organization; Vesicle-to-micelle transition www.informaworld.com/ampp/image?path=/713172976/713539190/F0001.pngarticle: www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713539190~db=all~jumptype=rssSkyship
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Post by skyship on Dec 11, 2010 1:07:13 GMT -5
What we have to determine is the biological vesicle or micelle and the other 3 forms. Vesicles Vesicles are shown below as playing a role in exocytosis Exocytosis is the fusion of vesicles carrying neurotransmitter to the synapse where it is released. This allows the neurotransmitters to bind to the post-synaptic receptors in the post synapse Micelles show up as vesicles in biology. Unlike a micelle, however, vesicles contain a lipid bilayer, which is composed of two layers of of phospholipids, arranged end to end with the hydrophobic layered buried between the two layers. A vesicle is a intracellular membrane bound sac that transports and stores substances within the cell. These vesicles store, transport, and digest waste and products from the cell. They can fuse with the plasma membrane to release things from the cell or come into the cell and put things in. Vesicles are important since they play a role in metabolism, transport, enzyme storage, and are chemical reaction chambers. Ribosomes are vesicles that play an important role in protein synthesis. The ribosome is needed in a process called translation. This is where the genetic code of nucleic acids are transformed into proteins. This is done when the ribosome binds to mRNA and then using it as a template to join together the sequence of amino acids. Below is a picture of a ribosome. en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles================ What is the structure of a micelle? There are three basic types of micelles involved in PC or HI&I products; small, spherical micelles containing less than 100 surfactant molecules (Figure 1), cylindrical, rod-like micelles (Figure 2) and large, flat or lamellar micelles (Figure 3, on the next page). (Note: there is a fourth type, the vesicle, which is important in biological systems). docs.pilotchemical.com/QMS/Technical_Bulletins/micelles.pdfskyship
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Post by skyship on Dec 11, 2010 1:14:06 GMT -5
Vesicle or Micelle?www.springerimages.com/Images/Chemistry/1-10.1007_s00396-006-1484-9-0 this leads into the RAFT that Skizit talks of.==== Non-ionic amphiphilic block copolymers by RAFT-polymerization and their self-organization ...."The micelles formed with the two most hydrophilic blocks were particularly stable upon temperature cycles, whereas the thermally sensitive poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) block showed a temperature-induced precipitation. According to combined SLS and DLS analysis, the micelles exhibited an elongated shape such as rods or worms. It should be noted that the block copolymers with the most hydrophilic poly(sulfoxide) block formed inverse micelles in certain organic solvents. Keywords Macrosurfactants - Block copolymers - Micelles - Inverse micelles - Sulfoxide"...............www.springerlink.com/content/3m60314t61614955/Raft polymerization and their self assembly KAMMY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Here is the raft copolymer connection to DMSO.................. ======================= PMMA-grafted dextran glycopolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization ) Amphiphilic glycopolymers associating dextran backbone and PMMA grafts were synthesized using the “grafting from” strategy in four steps. In the first step, the dextran OH functions were partially acetylated and the second step consisted in linking initiator groups by reaction of 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB) with the unprotected OH functions. Third, the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate was carried out in DMSO from the resulting dextran derivative used as a macroinitiator. Finally, the cleavage of the acetate groups led to the expected glycopolymers. Each step was carefully studied to control as best as possible copolymer architecture. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pola.v46:23/issuetocskyship
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Post by skyship on Dec 11, 2010 2:10:05 GMT -5
Glycopolymers? Jan S. sugar snakes...... The area of research is related to the synthesis and characterization of novel sugar-carrying polymers, the so called “Glycopolymers” by using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Technique (ATRP). The idea is not only confined to the synthesis of new sugar-carrying monomers and homopolymers but to develop the simplest methodology to yield glycopolymers of different architectures. The basic interest lies in the synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched glycopolymers. The polyvalency inherent in carbohydrate-based branched polymers is an important feature, which allows these materials to perform many complicated multivalent processes. These branched glycopolymers with much more compact structure compared to the linear polymers can be manipulated for several biological applications. The so called “Self-Condensing Vinyl Copolymerization” (SCVCP) via ATRP is the straightforward strategy adopted to synthesize these branched glycopolymers. Glycopolymers of Different Architectures www.chemie.uni-bayreuth.de/mcii/de/mitarbeiter/mit/mitarbeiter_detail.php?id_obj=23920
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Post by skyship on Dec 11, 2010 2:19:24 GMT -5
hyperbranched glycopolymers and micelles and vesicles =================== Glycopolymers of Various Architectures—More than Mimicking Nature Keywords: * biopolymers; * chemical glycobiology; * genomics; * glycomics; * glycopolymer; * proteomics; * synthesis Abstract Carbohydrates have a highly important role in biological functions. The increasing understanding of their biological interactions has also triggered a strongly increased interest in the preparation of synthetic glycopolymers of various architectures and well-defined structure which can mimic biological functions in a less complex environment. In the last few years synthetic approaches in polymer science have been refined and newly developed in order to achieve complex carbohydrate architectures and to make use of them in various areas like glycomics, biotechnology, biosensors, and medicine. Besides the use of especially controlled radical polymerization techniques, highly efficient polymer analogous reactions that can be carried out in aqueous media have been developed and applied to linear and dendritic macromolecules. Self assembly aspects and their effectiveness in biological functions have been assessed. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/macp.201000007/full=================
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Post by kammy on Dec 11, 2010 10:56:49 GMT -5
Ok, good Sky, you've got us centered and concentrated where we need to be - around the formation of these micelles in the human body, this is where our disease is proliferating. By finding and studying our mystery sphere we can begin to understand our disease better - I believe that ALL the different Morgellons artifacts and conditions come from these micelles, they are the source!
Thinking out loud - I'm pretty sure that I can show how the micelles grow in size to become our spheres, what might be called micelle to vesicle and then to sphere formation. I can show them transitioning from micelle to vesicle to sphere. (They also form our fibers; "the micelles exhibited an elongated shape such as rods or worms", and crystal-like baculoviral capsids (as I have called them because they can house 'others', which is their only scientific definition)).
"Vesicles are model systems for biological cells and can be used for entrapping active compounds in their insides."
What has been confusing is that - even though these spheres look alike - they are preforming different functions and even reproducing differently. It's like there's a mixture of micelles in our bodies (that most likely have been introduced from the outside environment?) that all preform the same as what our body produces (hidden from the immune system because they are similar to what our bodies produce) UNTIL they reach a certain stage and then their programming takes over to carry out whatever their external function is. This stage in which they start showing different characteristics is in the larger sphere form... are micelles known to go to vesicle and then sphere form, if yes, then what is this sphere form called? Some of these spheres can become large, giant cells in size before they start their external programming, they seem to preform their individual functions at different sizes.
For example, identical looking spheres can become either a white or black (sea urchin) 'fungus', the same sphere can grow larger and then be seen with baculoviral capsids resting on it, another can start oozing the biofilm as its only job, etc... I haven't actually counted how many different functions these spheres are carrying out, I'm guessing about a dozen? They have made this so complicated and by taking away all the scientists to look at it... the average layman could never figure this out.
To complicate matters and for future reference in our research while we're looking, we also have: Fibers turning into micelles, crystals into micelles, particles into micelles... Micelles into fibers, micelles into crystals, micelles into sphere formations... and probably some others I haven't mentioned - ALL happening in Morgellons Disease.
And then we have environmental products that contain the fiber to micelle version - such as with paper and cotton products which if ingested, their fibers that float in the air that we breathe in or left with contact to the open skin - might be able to transmit these fiber to micelle versions to us. Liquid chemicals should contain the intact micelles that might easily be absorbed through the skin... which inside the body might take on the other forms - fibers, crystals, particles and so on.
But, I don't want to go there showing these different aspects yet. I want to stay here at the core of the disease, the micelle formation, until I understand it better.
Questions:
Are micelles known to go to vesicle and then sphere form and preform as I am describing and what is this sphere form called?
"The formation of micelles is a cooperative process that is spontaneous and reversible." - Reverse micelles? Would reversing them help us?
"Micelles are thermodynamically stable species that are in chemical equilibrium with free surfactants." - 'species'? what is this chemical equilibrium? could we possibly upset it to our benefit?
What are Inverse micelles?
"(Note: there is a fourth type, the vesicle, which is important in biological systems)." Ours appears to be both - a fifth type?
If you formulated a question to ask to understand this better, what would you say and how would you put it?
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Post by kammy on Dec 11, 2010 15:03:58 GMT -5
The search criteria is - 'micellization phase behavior' Micelle"A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid." Surfactanten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading," Colloiden.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols." Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based liquid. Applications and sources Surfactants play an important role as cleaning, wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, foaming and anti-foaming agents in many practical applications and products, including: Detergents Fabric softeners Emulsions Paints Adhesives Inks Anti-fogs Ski waxes, snowboard wax Deinking of recycled papers, both in flotation, washing and enzymatic processes Laxatives Agrochemical formulations Herbicides some Insecticides Quantum dot coatings Biocides (sanitizers) Cosmetics: Shampoos Hair conditioners (after shampoo) Toothpastes Spermicides (nonoxynol-9) Firefighting Pipelines, liquid drag reducing agent Alkali Surfactant Polymers (used to mobilize oil in oil wells) Ferrofluids Leak Detectors Current market The annual global production of surfactants was 13 million metric tons in 2008 and the annual turnover reached US$24.33 billion in 2009, nearly 2% up from the previous year. Health and environmental controversy Some surfactants are known to be toxic to animals, ecosystems and humans, and can increase the diffusion of other environmental contaminants.[7][8][9] Despite this, they are routinely deposited in numerous ways on land and into water systems, whether as part of an intended process or as industrial and household waste. Some surfactants have proposed or voluntary restrictions on their use. For example, PFOS is a persistent organic pollutant as judged by the Stockholm Convention. Additionally, PFOA has been subject to a voluntary agreement by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and eight chemical companies to reduce and eliminate emissions of the chemical and its precursors.[10]" PFOS en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFOS"Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), or perfluorooctane sulfonate, is a man-made fluorosurfactant and global pollutant. It was added to Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in May 2009. History In 1949, 3M began producing PFOS-based compounds by electrochemical fluorination resulting in the synthetic precursor perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride.[2] In 1968, organofluorine content was detected in the blood serum of consumers, and in 1976 it was suggested to be PFOA or a related compound such as PFOS.[3][4][5] In 1997, 3M detected PFOS in blood from global blood banks.[6] In 1999, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency began investigating perfluorinated compounds after receiving data on the global distribution and toxicity of PFOS, the key ingredient in Scotchgard.[7] Advances in analytical chemistry in recent years have allowed the routine detection of low- and sub-ppb levels of PFOS in food, wildlife, and humans."
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Post by kammy on Dec 11, 2010 16:26:42 GMT -5
The search criteria is - 'micellization phase behavior' Studying this .pdf: pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la00095a001I see certain companies that have met to discuss: volume interactions between different micelles isotropic-nematic phase or isotropic to nematic phase composed of grown flexible rod-like micelles behavior of two ternary mixtures consisting of carbon dioxide, water, and a nonionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol monoether family Looking up some of these: Search criteria is - 'isotropic to nematic phase definition' The first thing on the list is Liquid Crystal - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystalThis reminds me of the insects that stack and I saw another photo of micelles stacking in Carnicom's photos of more oblong micelles. He sure has been quiet lately and almost 900 hours overdue on his last project - anyone heard? We started Liquid Crystal, Micelle, Vesicle research approximately 1 1/2 years ago on the other site about the time we were harassed... hmmm. I remember comparing the photo below to insect larvae stacking and showing the resemblance. This photo: *I would think liquid to aerosol to crystal to micelle formation. issstindian.org/pubpdf/voiume23/6/issst_journal_vol23_3_4_art6.pdfIsotropic to Nematic Phase Transition in F-actin Questions: Need to look at Liquid Crystal closer What is F-actin's role? Just saw a reference to 'flower-like micelles'. ?
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Post by kammy on Dec 11, 2010 16:52:56 GMT -5
Analytical chemistry en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.[1] Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. Analytical chemistry has applications in forensics, bioanalysis, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, and materials analysis." And... the reason we can't get any tests run is... ?
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 11, 2010 17:29:38 GMT -5
the sugar coats protect the contents of bacterial cells.
Jen
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Post by kammy on Dec 11, 2010 17:32:13 GMT -5
I'm looking for the oblong micelles that were 'stacking' on Carnicom's site and see this as a reminder: We have to remember that Carnicom found these micelles to contain human blood properties. Maybe we can search on micelles in artificial blood? www.carnicom.com/culture4.htmHe found copper sulfate to inhibit growth: "A separate culture exposed to a solution of copper sulfate and the original wine base for approximately three days. Growth of the culture appears to have ceased at the time of exposure to the copper sulphate." Questions: Copper sulphate?
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 11, 2010 17:39:23 GMT -5
Good line to follow Kammy but remember the shhh signal that we are working on too, How do the two relate? Dunno yet but I am sure we will. Here we can see the two do interact, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673545/wow check this out, Ihh, and hedgehog proteins in general, are known to be able to travel from their site of synthesis to far-away targets.29, 30 This task is rather demanding and difficult since hedgehog proteins contain C-terminal and N-terminal-bound cholesterol and palmitoylate tails and tend to stay close to their synthetic site.31 One diffusion and traveling strategy characterizing hedgehog proteins is the possible formation of micelles by which the hydrophobic tails would be buried on the inside and the more hydrophilic protein moiety would face the extracellular fluids.32 An additional strategy is likely provided by the fact that hedgehog proteins contain a heparin-binding domain, and interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans modulates their diffusion END CUT WONDER IF THE HEPARAN SULFTAE IS ACTING LIKE CLIFFS COPPER SULFATE? so we begin to weave together all previous knowledge and see which pieces fit the puzzle picture we see in various Morgellons sample pictures. All though I do see common organisms sometimes in Morgellons pictures so there will be various conditions that have been thrown in that are really just because the world of the small is very startling to beginners such as myself . We also know Morgellons is very real and new in that most pictures show organisms that do not belong in the human body. So then mutation of the human or the environment of the human has happened. N.I.H. rare disease pages gave us clues, 1q42 11 3C yersina pestis micelles sonic hedge hog zinc finger protein from silent super bug Here is some information on aggregates, books.google.com/books?id=t_anz9sEexEC&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363&dq=polysaccharide+coated+bacteria&source=bl&ots=_YkGCSkn1v&sig=kNGZkuthJQ8vASo5GkpLS8NdzPc&hl=en&ei=ZfsDTeizFMT38Abp4OnpAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 11, 2010 18:04:47 GMT -5
How does this relate, this should help us themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/membranes.htmlcut, ABCB6 MTABC3 1q42 mitochondrial transporter involved in heme biosynthesis, transports porphyrins into mitochondria cut, Introduction to Biological Membranes Biological membranes are composed of lipid, protein and carbohydrate that exist in a fluid state. Biological membranes are the structures that define and control the composition of the space that they enclose. All membranes exist as dynamic structures whose composition changes throughout the life of a cell. In addition to the outer membrane that results in the formation of a typical cell (this membrane is often referred to as the plasma membrane), cells contain intracellular membranes that serve distinct functions in the formation of the various intracellular organelles, e.g. the nucleus and the mitochondria. Composition and Structure of Biological Membranes As indicated above, biological membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The carbohydrates of membranes are attached either to lipid forming glycolipids of various classes, or to proteins forming glycoproteins. The lipid and protein compositions of membranes vary from cell type to cell type as well as within the various intracellular compartments that are defined by intracellular membranes. Protein concentrations can range from around 20% to as much as 70% of the total mass of a particular membrane. The lipids making up components of membranes are of three major classes that includes glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. For information on the structures of these different lipid classes see the Lipids page, Lipid Synthesis page, Sphingolipids page and the Cholesterol page. Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids constitute the largest percentage of the lipid weight of biological membranes. The hydrocarbon tails of these two classes of lipid result in steric limitations to their packing such that they will form disk-like micelles. The structure of these micelles results from the interactions of the hydrophobic tails of the lipids and the exposure of the polar head groups to the aqueous environment. This orientation results in what is referred to as a lipid bilayer and is diagrammed in the figure below. Lipid bilayers are essentially two-dimensional fluids and the lipid components of the bilayer can diffuse laterally and in fact evidence demonstrates that this lateral diffusion occurs readily. Lipids in the bilayer can also undergo transverse diffusion (also called a flip-flop) where the lipid diffuses from one surface to the other. However, because the flip-flop requires the polar head group to pass through the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer the process is extremely rare. Enzymes have been identified that facilitate the flip-flop process and these enzymes are referred to as flipases.So then the ABC Family of transporters is why we are seeing Sulphur Crystals, Uploaded with ImageShack.usAbstract ABC transporters represent one of the largest families of membrane proteins that are found in all three phyla of life. Mitochondria comprise up to four ABC systems, ABCB7/ATM1, ABCB10/MDL1, ABCB8 and ABCB6. These half-transporters, which assemble into homodimeric complexes, are involved in a number of key cellular processes, e.g. biogenesis of cytosolic iron–sulfur clusters, heme biosynthesis, iron homeostasis, multidrug resistance, and protection against oxidative stress. Here, we summarize recent advances and emerging themes in our understanding of how these ABC systems in the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane fulfill their functions in important (patho) physiological processes, including neurodegenerative and hematological disorders. Keywords: Heme biosynthesis; Intracellular transport; Iron homeostasis; Iron–sulfur cluster assembly; Mitochondrial targeting; Oxidative stress Abbreviations: ABC, ATP-binding cassette; ATM, ABC transporter of mitochondria; NBD, nucleotide-binding domain; TMD, transmembrane domain; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; MDL, multidrug resistance like; MDR, multidrug resistance; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane 1q42 is the site responsible for ACTIN also myosin invovled here somehow?
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 11, 2010 18:57:54 GMT -5
O.K. goes back to prophyria which is what I think is the basics of what my family suffers from, it is behind lupus behind Mom's transverse Myelitis which paralyzed suddenly. Also why we once saw purple in her urine tube. The outbreak of Morgellons resembles a porphyria skin outbreak. Is this a artificial Porphyria outbreak causes by unnatural elements being added to us? Dunno? cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/69/13/5560.full
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 11, 2010 19:36:13 GMT -5
I am thinking it will involve something like this but specific to ABCB6 Micelles formation and will have something to do with genetic engineering. The Yesenia pestis page along with 1q42 3C syndrome . The yesinia pestis was that because ....................we are now resistant to a drug that would treat Yesinia pestis? Sort of like we picked up the corn gene from BT Corn was it BT 10 or BT 11 corn that was no good? Any who? cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/64/4/1403.fullIn the study reported here we explored genomic alternations that might be associated with acquired chemoresistance, using 23 cell lines derived from human neoplasms, each of them resistant to at least one of five drugs including camptothecin (CPT), cisplatin (cDDP), etoposide (VP-16), Adriamycin, and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). We performed molecular cytogenetic studies including subtractive CGH with DNAs from corresponding pairs of resistant lines and drug-sensitive parental cells to disclose chromosomal regions that had gained or lost DNA during the acquisition of resistance. Our results provide evidence for alteration in gene-copy numbers as a mechanism for acquired chemoresistance. end cut, So this too would change the micelles formation by way of cell transporters?
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