|
Post by lilsissy on Oct 3, 2011 17:54:40 GMT -5
Well doesn't this say a mouthfull. G.M.O. humans! This could be why we have green florescent (GFP) in our eyes. What about the R.R gene...BT gene and GFP. Are we now Monsanto Ready? Where did I get this super-killer -immune system from? www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-09/we-incorporate-genetic-information-food-we-eat-says-new-studycut, Research at Nanjing University has found that strands of RNA from vegetables make it into our bloodstream after we eat them, and can regulate the expression of our genes once they're inside us. MicroRNAs, or miRNAs, are little strands of RNA that selectively bind to matching sequences of messenger RNA, resulting in repression of those genes. Their role has only been understood in the last decade or so, but miRNAs are currently believed to take part in a vast number of processes in both plants and animals end cut,
|
|
|
Post by lilsissy on Oct 3, 2011 18:04:08 GMT -5
but...they already knew that.. It is called a Bioreator, Bill Gilmore died in 1995. He was a Christian father of 5 who studied bible prophecy most of his life. He instructed his daughter to look for Tesla technologies and something they would find in the dead sea. Today 13 years and one day following his death she took his advice after searching over one year for the cause of Morgellons this is what she found. Doing a Google search new organism found dead sea www.freepatentsonline.com/7081567.htmlHere is where they found it, astrobio.net/news/article1646.htmlIn loving memory of our father, Jennifer (lilsissy) Karen (Chaos) lymebusters.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=rash&action=display&thread=9852Transgenic dunaliella salina as a bioreactor cut, especially oral products, in a large scale, because the cells of Dunaliella Salina are easy of genetic manipulation in preparation of the bioreactor, nontoxic and edible for humans and animals............... Disclosed is a method for making a bioreactor comprising a foreign target gene, special selectable markers and Dunaliella Salina as host. It is prepared by the genetic transformation techniques that include introducing a foreign target gene into the cells of Dunaliella Salina and screening the transformed cells of Dunaliella Salina. The bioreactor of the present invention can be used as a safe and cheap production system for proteins of pharmaceutical interest including vaccines, especially oral products, in a large scale, because the cells of Dunaliella Salina are easy of genetic manipulation in preparation of the bioreactor, nontoxic and edible for humans and animals, and harmless to the environment. end cut, So , did you read that the wall Street rage protesters are dressing up as Zombies? Wonder who made that call and can genes to make them true zombies be activated in them? that would be one way to quell public uprising ...a disease out break? Pennsylvania , Halloween.
|
|
|
Post by lilsissy on Oct 3, 2011 18:34:47 GMT -5
Unless indicated otherwise, the term “Dunaliella Salina” refers to a kind of organism classified as Chlorophyta; Chlorophyceae; Volvocales; Dunaliellaceae. Dunaliella Salina is, in the shape of pear or ellipse with volume of 50˜1000 μm 3 , the most halotolerent unicellular eukaryotic organism known. The cell of Dunaliella Salina has two long apical flagella that propel it through the water. The significant difference between Dunaliella Salina and other green unicellular algae is that the cell of Dunaliella Salina lacks a rigid cell wall, and is enclosed by a thin layer of elastic plasma membrane. In the cell, there is the single, large, cup-shaped chloroplast with a pyrenoid. The red eyespot is located at the front end of the cell. Reproduction of Dunaliella Salina thereof includes asexual reproduction in longitudinal split as the main manner and sexual reproduction in isogamy.
|
|
|
Post by lilsissy on Oct 3, 2011 18:39:56 GMT -5
The said biological method can be such a method that foreign target genes are introduced into the cells of Dunaliella Salina by either agrobacterium Ti plasmid transformation system or plant virus vector system, and then expressed in the transformed cells of Dunaliella Salina.
|
|
|
Post by lilsissy on Oct 3, 2011 18:43:15 GMT -5
cut....
The present invention also provides the uses of the bioreactor in production of vaccines for humans or animals. The transgenic Dunaliella Salina bioreactor of the present invention can be used to prepare or produce human or animal vaccines containing the following antigens, such as HBsAg, influenza hemagglutinin, malaria antigen, measles virus antigen, rabies virus antigen, foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen, phytohormones, and the like. end cut..... ....so if the antigen so the live form
Watch out wall street protecters , after you have accomplished the end goal being chaos the puppet masters only have to deliver some cases of bottled water to you.
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 3, 2011 21:54:52 GMT -5
Chlorophyta; Chlorophyceae; Volvocales; Dunaliellaceae. Dunaliella Salina
This ties into the base of leishmania............the viral component.............Volvocales........... Chlorophytes are in euglenoids which are in kinetoplastids which are tyrpanasomes..
We are on top of it, my friend..... ah the saying comes to mind again, posted on another thread by Ariistotle:
============================================
Aristotle: "Aristotle used a similar definition in Meteorology, writing "Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink, this would bear out what we have said. They say that this lake is so bitter and salt that no fish live in it and that if you soak clothes in it and shake them it cleans them," understood by scholars to be a reference to the Dead Sea."
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 3, 2011 22:01:16 GMT -5
Two recent but temporally distinct outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis among foreign workers in the Dead-Sea area of Jordan.Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Abstract Two temporally distinct outbreaks of human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), as well as scattered cases of the disease, have recently been observed close to the Dead Sea, in Jordan. Each of the two outbreaks, which occurred in 2004/2005 and 2007/2008, involved a group of foreign workers who were deployed within otherwise uninhabited locations. During each outbreak, about 20% of the workers were found infected with the causative parasite. In the earlier outbreak, 61 workers were found to have skin lesions like those of CL and all but three were confirmed by culture and/or the examination of smears (40 cases) or, in the case of 18 (86%) of the 21 suspected cases found smear- and culture-negative, by PCR. In the second outbreak, the cases were only identified from their clinical manifestations and their response to antileishmanial treatment (cryotherapy). Leishmania major was identified as the cause of the 2004/2005 outbreak and some sporadic cases that occurred, in 2004, along the shores of the Dead Sea. The burrows of potential reservoir hosts were found close to the outbreak locations, frequently under the chenopod Seidlitzia rosmarinus. The two outbreaks emphasise the continuing problem posed by the CL focus in the Mid Jordan Valley and its impact on humans who move into the area. Curiously, an investigation on the socio-economic conditions of the workers during the outbreaks identified a group of 48 workers who were living in air-conditioned rooms during the 2007/2008 outbreak, among whom no CL cases were found. In contrast, 26 of a neighbouring group of 124 workers, who were all living in non-air-conditioned rooms, developed CL lesions. The role of air conditioning, and of other factors and measures, in the prevention of the transmission of the causative parasites of CL merits further investigation and the attention of the local health authorities.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19583910===================================== ...."The burrows of potential reservoir hosts were found close to the outbreak locations, frequently under the chenopod Seidlitzia rosmarinus.: chenopod Seidlitzia rosmarinus.".................
Seidlitzia rosmarinus is a perennial woody plant grown mostly along the banks of salt marshes and in soils with high saline water tables. This plant being a halophyte is very well adapted to grow in dry and salt affected desert soils. It plays an important role in both soil preservation and maintenance. The leaves, stems and seeds harvested in fall are used as fodder for livestock. Ashes remaining after burning the leaves and stems make a salt which is rich in sodium carbonate and is called "Karia" or "Caria" in Iran. When dissolved in water, Karia produces a soda also called "Ghalyab". The dried leaves powder is used as detergent for washing cloths and dishes. It has also many industrial applications such as dyeing, making soaps, pottery and ceramics among others. Besides being used as fodder in dry and desert regions, its "Ghalyab" can be used in biotechnological studies. Cultivation of S. rosmarinus plants in salt affected and dry farm lands for "Ghalyab" production has economical values. Key words: Seidlitzia romarinus, biotechnology, salt tolerance, soda, forage. " Based on the above reports, S. rosmarinus is a xero- phytic desert salt tolerant plant having genes responsible for its resistance to salt and drought stresses. It can serve as a very useful tool in the hands of plant breeders to produce agricultural crops resistant to these stresses. It accumulates copper and manganese at non-toxic levels, has a high level of protein (7%), and 80% digesti- ble organic matters (Koocheki and Mahalati, 1994). With these nutritional properties it can be used as forage for livestock especially for camels in severe dry and saline desert conditions. Further therapeutic properties of this plant should be explored e.g. for the treatment of acnes. The leaves of S. rosmarinus accumulate a large amount of soda compounds which can be used in several industries such as making soaps and detergents, pottery, ceramics, in sugar factories (sugar crystalinization), copp- er bleaching, etc. Its potential in environmental protection such as wind break and preventing soil erosion should not be overlooked." www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/60626/48863what is it that draws leishmania to them?mmmmmm =============================== used in biotechnological studies..........like GMO? mmmmmmmmmmmmm This plant seems to harbor the leish protozoans, means they like salt....? Duniella and euglenoids?
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 3, 2011 23:50:54 GMT -5
Dunaliella Salina expression vector comprises the Dunaliella Salina chloroplast atpA 5′ promoter sequence and the rbcL 3′terminator sequence. ..... (from the patent)
This is vector and its chloroplast atpA and rbcL
What are those? ================= Lets start with rbcL........rbcL..........the chlamydomonas chloroplast........... Activity of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast rbcL gene promoter is enhanced by a remote sequence element
( 3-glucuronidase reporter gene/chioroplast transormation/chloroplast gene expression/promoter structure/in vivo transcription)ABSTRACT The chloroplast gene rbcL encodes the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. In Chlamydom- onas reinhardi, this gene is transcribed more actively than any other protein-encoding chloroplast gene studied to date. To delineate the rbcL gene promoter, chimeric reporter genes containing fragments of the 5' region of the rbcL gene fused to the coding sequence of the bacterial WMA gene, encoding 3-glucuronidase, were stably introduced into the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas by microprojectile bombardment.The relative transcription rates of endogenous and introduced genes were determined in transgenic cell lines in vivo. The basic rbcL promoter is located within the region of the gene extending from positions -18 to +63, taking position +1 as the site of initiation of transcription. A chimeric reporter gene containing only the basic promoter is transcribed only 1-15% as actively as the endogenous rbcL gene, depending on the conditions under which cells are grown and tested. However, a chimeric gene containing rbcL sequences extending to position +170 or beyond is transcribed at about the same rate as the endogenous gene. Deletion of the sequence between positions +170 and +126, well within the protein-encoding region, reduces the rate of transcription to that of reporter genes with the basic promoter alone. www.pnas.org/content/91/23/10819.full.pdf================================= Where the Chlamydomonas chloroplast comes in, is in the algae.........
Here is the bacteria:gene used " fused to the coding sequence of the bacterial WMA gene, encoding 3-glucuronidase, were stably introduced into the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas by microprojectile bombardment. ==================================== The biotechnology of cultivating the halotolerant algaDunaliella
The unicellular algaDunaliella thrives in media with very high salt concentrations, accumulating large amounts of commercially important chemicals such as β-carotene and glycerol.Dunaliella is cultivated commercially in large outdoor ponds, and harvested to produce high β-carotene dry algal meal and concentrated algal β-carotene in oil, used by the health-food industry and for food-coloring, respectively. The algal β-carotene differs from the synthetically available β-carotene in its stereoisomeric composition and may be of use as a pharmaceutical product.
Alert This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016777999090152N========================================= So Elsevier rules the media, along with Wellcome Trust ?////// BS
its an algae, which is in the leish as well.....................so the protozoan lives in this algae? the diatom, or the euglenoid?..... the trypanasoma?
========================= It is the ribosome::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RuBisCo.........................WMA gene involves wolbachia................ ================== Abstract Studies demonstrating differences in chloroplast structure and biochemistry have been used to formulate hypotheses concerning the origin of algal plastids. Genetic and biochemical experiments indicate that significant variation occurs in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) when supertaxa of eukaryotic algae are compared. These differences include variations in the organelle location of the genes and their arrangement, mechanism of Rubisco synthesis, polypeptide immunological reactivity and sequence, as well as efficacy of substrate (ribulose bisphosphate and CO2) binding and inhibitor (6-phosphogluconate) action. The structure-function relationships observed among chromophytic, rhodophytic, chlorophytic and prokaryotic Rubisco demonstrate that: (a) similarities among chromophytic and rhodophytic Rubisco exist in substrate/inhibitor binding and polypeptide sequence, (b) characteristic differences in enzyme kinetics and subunit polypeptide structure occur among chlorophytes, prokaryotes and chromophytes/rhodophytes, and (c) there is structural variability among chlorophytic plant small subunit polypeptides, in contrast to the conservation of this polypeptide in chromophytes and rhodophytes. Taxa-specific differences among algal Rubisco enzymes most likely reflect the evolutionary history of the plastid, the functional requirements of each polypeptide, and the consequences of encoding the large and small subunit genes in the same or different organelles. Key words endosymbiont - eukaryotic algae - Rubisco - structure-function relationships www.springerlink.com/content/p055442347r37245/======= The algae plastid..................... would be in the organic cell made. so this is still organic, yet............. It was Robertson who invented this? one of them? skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 0:28:44 GMT -5
This would be the organelle or the plastid.......in prokaryotic cell, the euglenoid trypanasoma kinetoplastid?We are right back to the Acidocalcisomes:www.ecologia.unam.mx/laboratorios/evolucionmolecular/images/file/ClaseProcariontes/German/DoCampoACIDOCALCISOMES.pdf====================== Molecular Evolution, the hidden way this is done....................By molecules..................here we go.............Jan's dicty, your dunalellia, my leish........trypan....aqt's kinetoplastid.......... we have this organic cell...............made by man................ in our extracellular spaces?add to that Carnicom's Chlamydomonas.=========================== (TIMELINE).The discovery that trypanosomatid acido- calcisome membranes contain several pumps and exchangers suggested a metabolic function.After their identification in trypanosomatids, acidocalcisomes were found in several microorganisms such as Toxoplasma gondii 11 ,which is the aetiological agent of toxoplasmosis, Plasmodium spp. 12–14 ,which are the causative agents of malaria, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 15 and the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum16. The recent identification of acidocalcisomes in bacteria17,18 and human platelets19indicates that these organelles have been conserved from bacteria to humans. ======================================== Trypomastigote Amastigote Cytostome Axoneme Paraflagellar rod Contractile vacuole Flagellar pocket Kinetoplast Glycosome Mitochondrion Acidocalcisome Golgi Nucleus Nucleolus Reservosome Subpellicular microtubules See image Page 2 the whole shebang...Figure 1 | Schematic representation of trypanosomatids. a | The main cellular forms of trypanosomatids as defined by cell shape, flagellum presence and attachment, and position of the basal body, kinetoplast and nucleus. In general, the epimastigote and promastigote forms of digenetic trypanosomatids are found in the vector, the trypomastigote form is found in the mammalian host and the amastigote form is intracellular. b | Schematic representation of longitudinal section of an epimastigote form of T. cruzi. Part b is modified from a drawing by Flavia Moreira-Leite, University of Oxford. ========== Box 1 | Trypanosomatid model systemsAlthough typanosomatids contain organelles and metabolic pathways that seem to be absent from prokaryotes and other eukaryotes, some of the organelles and metabolic routes first discovered in trypanosomatids were later found in other organisms. For this reason, and owing to the global burden of trypanosomatid diseases, these organisms are now used as model systems in cell biology. GPI-linked surface moleculesThe main cell surface molecules of trypanosomatids are rich in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoproteins and GPI-related glycolipids. Early composition and structural studies on Tr ypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein93 ,which is responsible for antigenic variation in these parasites,were important for understanding this new type of membrane attachment molecule94 . Cytoskeleton and cellular organizationThe cytoskeleton of the uniflagellated trypanosomatids,which determines their cell shape, has a subpellicular array of microtubules that are crosslinked to each other and to the plasma membrane95.The organization of the helical pattern of the microtubules after cell division under the influence of a pre-existing cytoskeletal structure (by the flagellar connector) is one of the few examples of cytotaxis96 .In addition to a conventional AXONEME,the flagellum of trypanosomatids has an associated structure known as the paraflagellar rod. It is formed by a complex array of filaments and is involved in flagellar motility21 . Trypanosomatids are highly polarized cells.All their endocytic and exocytic functions occur through the flagellar pocket and, in some cases, the CYTOSTOME21 . DNA and RNA biologyThe single trypanosomatid mitochondrion contains a kinetoplast,which is a specific structure that is found adjacent to the basal body of the flagellum and contains approximately 5–20% of the total cellular DNA.The DNA-rich kinetoplast can be stained and viewed using light microscopy, and was the first extranuclear DNA to be discovered, long before mitochondria were shown to contain DNA97 . Kinetoplast DNA is a large network of several thousand similar copies of minicircles and a few dozen copies of maxicircles98 .The maxicircle DNA encodes ribosomal RNAs and a few mitochondrial proteins, in common with the mitochondrial DNA of other eukaryotes.Many maxicircle transcripts undergo RNA editing, a process first discovered in trypanosomatids99 ,whereas the minicircles encode for small guide RNAs that control the specificity of editing100 . Many trypanosome mRNAs are trans-spliced — the transfer of splice leader sequences or mini-exons to the polycystronic mRNAs101 .This process, together with polyadenylation, functions to cleave polycistronic transcripts and attach a cap to mRNAs, and has subsequently been found in nematodes, euglenoids, trematodes and chordates102 . Metabolic functionsIn all trypanosomatids most glycolytic enzymes are found in specialized peroxisomes known as glycosomes103 ,which contain typical peroxisomal enzymes and develop by a biogenesis pathway similar to peroxisomes.The compartmentalization of the glycolytic pathway in these organelles is important for glycolysis regulation and is unique to trypanosomatids104 . One unique metabolic feature of trypanosomatids is their substitution of trypanothione (a glutathione–spermidine conjugate)105 for glutathione in many reactions involved in protection against oxidative stress, such as trypanothione reductase and trypanothione-dependent peroxidase activities106 . Several trypanosomatids contain a contractile vacuole that functions in water extrusion and osmoregulation74,75 . Although the vacuole is important for free-living kinetoplastids like Bodo spp. 76 , it is also relevant for parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi 30,66 ,which are exposed to wide variations in osmolarity during their life cycle. www.ecologia.unam.mx/laboratorios/evolucionmolecular/images/file/ClaseProcariontes/German/DoCampoACIDOCALCISOMES.pdf========================== Incidently, last time I was in ER, they were concerned about my platelets! So, my friend, the dunalellia is inside this cell unit. Someone said long time ago, there are eight stages to Morgellons.......well.....there may be more............ A process............. -------------------------------------- Dr. Harvey says this is "third world ". meaning either oncho/leish/trypan. So, we have a microtubule. a flagella a membrane protein from one of the stages of trypana protozoan euglenoid bacteria most likely wolbachia leish virus this is not just leish or Chagas Disease, however the trypanasoma was used...the beg statement: ======================================== Although typanosomatids contain organelles and metabolic pathways that seem to be absent from prokaryotes and other eukaryotes, some of the organelles and metabolic routes first discovered in trypanosomatids were later found in other organisms. For this reason, and owing to the global burden of trypanosomatid diseases, these organisms are now used as model systems in cell biology.
===================================== So, would not this construct the new organic cell? If this trypanasomatid is the example of a cell........then is this what is used to integrate into the environment the other parts of this cell........... to make the evolution of the new cell actually diseases....... The outcome of this cell discovery? So, at the expense of discovery how the first cell was made, a devolution of sorts was done to unravel it, and then in the process the diseases are widespread, and they are parts of this experiment, so Chagas is not recog, Oncho is not, trypanasoma is now mixed with leis, when the protozoan is actually the euglenoid ........
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 1:03:08 GMT -5
Trypomastigote Amastigote Cytostome Axoneme Paraflagellar rod Contractile vacuole Flagellar pocket Kinetoplast Glycosome Mitochondrion Acidocalcisome Golgi Nucleus Nucleolus Reservosome Subpellicular microtubules
=========== From your link lil sis, www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/1646/living-in-the-dead-seaThe uniquely salt-tolerant Dunaliella, which is commercially grown as a source of natural beta carotene, has been investigated at the Weizmann Institute for over 30 years. Yet, the secrets of its exceptionally successful adaptation to salt remained unresolved.In a recent paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA (PNAS), Institute scientists Prof. Ada Zamir and Dr. Lakshmanane Premkumar of the Institute's Biological Chemistry Department and Prof. Joel Sussman and Dr. Harry Greenblatt of the Structural Biology Department revealed the structural basis of a remarkably salt-tolerant Dunaliella enzyme, a carbonic anhydrase, which may hold the key. ELECTRICAL CHARGES!Comparisons with known carbon anhydrases from animal sources showed that the Dunaliella enzyme shares a basic plan with its distant relatives, but with a few obvious differences. The most striking of these is in the electrical charges on the proteins' surfaces: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ What is carbonic anhydrase? Carbonic anhydrases are enzymes that catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide and the dehydration of bicarbonate: CO2 + H2O <-----> HCO3- + H+www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/molecules/carbonic_anhydrase.html~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ back to link: ...."Charges on the salt-tolerant enzyme are uniformly negative (though not as intensely negative as those in halophilic proteins), while the surfaces of carbonic anhydrases that don't tolerate salt sport a negative/positive/ neutral mix. This and other unique structural features may enable the algal carbonic anhydrase to be active in the presence of salt, though not dependent on it."............... ..."Pondering why a structure conferring salt tolerance should evolve once in a Dead Sea organism and once in a mouse has led the researchers to some new insights into kidney physiology. The researchers hope that the knowledge gleaned from their study of a tiny alga might provide the basis for designing new drugs that could target enzymes based on their salt tolerance."............ ============================================== Weizman Institute is financed by the Rothchilds.............. p53 in Normal and Tumor CellsIt is well accepted that the p53 tumor suppressor gene plays a pivotal role in protecting cells from cancer development. Inactivation of p53, the "guardian" of the human genome, causes genetic instability leading to the accumulation of genetic alterations, which in time induce malignant transformation of cells. see image: www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/Varda/images/mutant_p53.jpgSeveral lines of research showed that mutant p53 protein, which frequently accumulates in human tumors (Rotter 1983), facilitate tumor initiation and progression by a “gain of function” mechanism. Research in our laboratory is focused on revealing the mechanism by which wild type p53 acts in normal cells and the way in which mutant p53 contributes to cancer development. Our working hypothesis is that mutant p53 activates specific target genes that turn on specific gene networks, which eventually lead cells to cancer (Sigal and Rotter 2000). In all, our results suggest that mutant p53 actively modifies central cell growth control networksAnalysis of human cell lines and primary tumors indicated a trend of losing myocardin gene expression. We therefore concluded that at this early step of cell transformation, the cell had already undergone genetic changes that brought about a defect in their capacity to undergo cell differentiation. This defect is associated with a loss in the expression of at least two tumor suppressor genes, p16 and myocardin image. what is SMC?smooth muscle cell........important! www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/Varda/images/slow_cells.jpg fibroblasts to myofibroblasts to smooth muscle cell normal.
Depletion of p16 and myocardin p53 not normal.3rd issue: novel targets is dependent on the activities of p21, NFY and E2F. Our study demonstrates how a well-controlled transformation process allows the linking three levels in a complex regulatory network, namely gene expression, promoter architecture and activity of upstream tumor suppressors image: p21 etc....... www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/Varda/images/integrative.jpg4th cluster or issue: over-expression of the RAS oncogene and concomitantly down-regulated by p53. This gene signature, which consists of a high number of chemokines, shows a significant increase and in some cases, a synergism in their expression as a result of overproducing RAS and are inactivated or knock-down of p53 expression. Based on the information obtained by this cluster expressed at an advanced phase of transformation we unraveled novel gene network that connects the RAS and p53. www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/Varda/images/signatures.jpgWe have recently also became interested in studying prostate cancer, which is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in men. There is yet no available cure for patients with advanced disease. Our working strategy is that developing an in vitro model will permit the development of new therapeutic modalities to address this issue. We have established, by immortalization, cultures of various prostate-derived cultures which were subjected to various malignant associated alterations. These cells exhibit a significant pattern of authentic prostate-specific features. In particular, the epithelial cell culture is able to differentiate into glandular buds that closely resemble the structures formed by primary prostate epithelial cells. The stromal cells have typical characteristics of prostate smooth muscle cells (Kogan et al., 2006). We have also immortalized prostate associated fibroblasts. These immortalized cultures may serve as a unique experimental platform to permit several research directions. This includs the study of cell-cell interactions in an authentic prostate micro-environment, prostate cell differentiation, and most significantly, the complex multi-step process leading to prostate cell transformation. A special focus is to resolve the role of p53 in the development of prostate, combined with a genome wide approach analysis. In summary, our in vitro systems offer interesting models that are expected to resolve and identify the various gene networks that are associated with defined steps of malignant transformation in general and their relevance to the p53 tumor suppressor gene. We accept that deciphering universal transcriptional programs, which are affected by the most common oncogenic mutations, will provide considerable insight into regulatory circuits controlling malignant transformation and will, hopefully, open new avenues for rational therapeutic decisions including p53-based therapy. www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/Varda/p53 is a mutant...................... ========================================= It seems an immortal gene p53 is supposed to transform cells into immortal cells, if inactivated it causes cancer instead. ================================= I know K had issues with the p53. So, we have p16, p21 and p53 involved in this. all related to what is being called "prostate cancer"...... could this be the center of this: hTERT immortalized human fibroblasts references to check: Milyavsky, M., Shats, I., Erez, N., Tang, X., Senderovich, S., Meerson, A., Goldfinger, N., Ginsberg, D., and Rotter V. (2003). Prolonged culturing of hTERT immortalized human fibroblasts leads to a premalignant phenotype. Cancer Research. 2003 Nov 1;63(21):7147-7157. Milyavsky M, Tabach Y, Shats I, Erez N, Cohen Y, Tang X, Kalis M, Kogan I, Buganim Y, Goldfinger N, Ginsberg D, Harris CC, Domany E, Rotter V. Transcriptional programs following genetic alterations in p53, INK4A, and H-Ras genes along defined stages of malignant transformation. Cancer Research. 2005 Jun 1;65(11):4530-4543. # Buganim Y, Kalo E, Brosh R, Besserglick H, Nachmany I, Rais Y, Stambolsky P, Tang X, Milyavsky M, Shats I, Kalis M, Goldfinger N, Rotter V. Mutant p53 protects cells from 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced death by attenuating activating transcription factor 3 induction. Cancer Research. 2006 Nov 15;66(22):10750-10759. # Stambolsky, P., Weisz, L., Shats I., Klein, J., Goldfinger, N., Oren, M and Varda Rotter, V. (2006). Regulation of AIF expression by p53. Cell Death and Differentiation. 2006 Dec;13(12):2140-2149. # Milyavsky M, Shats I, Cholostoy A, Brosh R, Buganim Y, Weisz L, Kogan I, Cohen M, Shatz M, Madar S, Kalo E, Goldfinger N, Yuan J, Ron S, MacKenzie K, Eden A, Rotter V. Inactivation of myocardin and p16 during malignant transformation contributes to a differentiation defect. Cancer Cell. 2007 Feb;11(2):133-146. # Shats, I., Milyavsky, M., Cholostoy, A., Brosh, R. and V. Rotter (2007). Roles of myocardin in tumor suppression and myofibroblast differentiation. Cell Cycle. 6: 1141-1146. # Tabach, Y., Milyavsky, M., Shats, I., Brosh, R., Zuk, O., Yitzhaky,A., Mantovani, R., Domany, E., Rotter V., Pilpel Y., (2005). The promoters of human cell cycle genes integrate signals from two tumor suppressive pathways during cellular transformation. Molecular Systems Biology. 2005;1:Oct 18. www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/Varda/ So this transcription was the molecular cell.There is a cellular transformation that goes on, .....so why and how and what is used to make this happen? OMGosh...............keep in mind Salk vaccine, it was never patented, there are no papers,,,,,,, sea monkey..........................p53.......
and this: Polyomavirus was isolated by Gross in 1953 while he was studying leukaemia in mice and named because it caused solid tumours at multiple sites.
am using this as search words: origin of p53 in the Salk polio vaccine from the dead sea
So, there is a cellular tranformation from a transcription....mRNA, the secondary RNA? So, what is this p53 mutator? ----------------------------- Skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 4:18:03 GMT -5
Now, consider this, why did Weizman Institute have another vaccine? 1955 Goldblum.....1955 • Prof. Natan Goldblum from Hebrew University develops the country’s first polio vaccine. Israel is the second country in the world to vaccinate against polio; the first time Goldblum’s vaccine was used, it stopped an epidemic.tinyurl.com/678jfqm---------- he used both dead virus and live virus: in GAZA...........------- Blum et al. in November 2010 described the pioneering work of Natan Goldblum, a great Israeli virologist and innovator in polio immunization.1 Another important facet of his work was as a key contributor to development of the combined or sequential oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) programs used in the West Bank and Gaza since the late 1970s.Goldblum and Joseph Melnick from Baylor University were asked to consult in 1978 with the Israel Ministry of Health and the Gaza and West Bank public health services. During this time, I was the Coordinator for Health in the . . ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/content/extract/101/5/774=============================== Now, Rooselvelt may not have had polio.............He may have had Gillian Barre disease............In 1921 Franklin D. Roosevelt had developed flaccid paralysis of the upper and lower extremities, which was diagnosed as poliomyelitis. In the light of newer research, however, Roosevelt's disease may have been Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), which was scarcely known at the timeWas Roosevelt set up?I n 1927 Roosevelt founded the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, with O'Connor as his partner. After Roosevelt's death the foundation was renamed to Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation and gradually began taking care of patients with handicaps of all kinds. The foundation raised funds to support polio patients and Roosevelt himself was president of the foundation until his 1928 election as Governor of New York. Roosevelt's successor as foundation president was O'Connor, who had been the foundations treasurer at the outset. Ten years later, in 1938, the two men joined to initiate the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which focused on supporting research on polio prevention and treatment. The foundation became notable because of its revolutionary fund raising radio campaign, called the March of Dimes, with its appeal to Americans to "Send your dime to President Roosevelt at the White House" for the fight against polio. The first campaign was a smashing success and revolutionized fundraising in America, with over $1,800,000 raised. Now, instead of appealing to a few large donors, as had been the practice with fundraising in the past, the new method was an appeal to the millions for small or very small donations. Since 1979 the foundation's name has been March of Dimes. On April 12, 1955 – ten years after Roosevelt's death – the National Foundation published the successful results of Jonas Salks research on the development of a polio vaccine. [edit] Chairman of the Red Cross
On Roosevelts advice O'Connor was Chairman of the American Red Cross from 1944 to 1947 and its President from 1947 to 1949. In this capacity he was also Chairman of the League of Red Cross Societies from 1945 to 1950. So................ under guise of polio, he may have had Gillian Barre? really???en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_O%27Connor================================= What is the real name for Gillian Barre?
Salk vaccine had the polyo in it.............I bet..............The first and precise incident of Guillain Barre Syndrome was reported on 1859 by Jean Baptiste Octave Landry de Thezillat. Landry de Thezillat published a report of 10 patients with ascending paralysis. Until 1876 ”Landry”s ascending paralysis” was the only term used for this illness.
Jean-Alexander Barre, Georges Charles Guillain with Andre Strohl researched on this life threatening disease during the World War I. These three French physicians carefully recorded and interpreted the muscle reflexes of their patients. They identified the illness to be associated with the peripheral nerves. In 1916 they published the very first comprehensive detailed classic paper on this syndrome. Strohl”s contributions to the research were not acknowledged, and his name was not included in 1916 research paper. In 1927 two doctors worked on this classic paper, the recognized disease was later named Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS). www.guillainbarresyndrome.net/history-of-guillain-barre-syndrome/=========================================== Looks to me like Gillian Barre is really cholera............is that what polio was?===== 1859 by Jean Baptiste Octave Landry de Thezillat. In the 1850s, he treated victims of Cholera in Oise, a French department, and was involved in disease research from then on. In 1857, he married Claire Giustigniani (born 1832 – d. 1901), who lived on for 36 years after his death. In 1859, he documented ten cases (five of his own, five he read about,) of the disease, and termed them ascending paralysis. He noted three different forms:
* "Ascending paralysis without sensory signs or symptoms. * Ascending paralysis with concomitant anaesthesia and analgesia. * Progressing generalised disorder with paralysis and sensory signs."
He died in Paris in 1865, having caught cholera from patients he was treating.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Landry_%28physician%29==================================== Okay what did Salk use in those vaccines?
Gamma Globulin?A few years ago what is called gamma-globulin was introduced as a prophylactic against poliomyelitis and is still used for this purpose among contacts of actual cases of the disease. It will be recalled that Her Majesty the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were given this preparation during their Australian tour, on account of an outbreak of poliomyelitis in that country. It should prove of interest to describe this preparation in a little more detail. GAMMA-GLOBULINGamma-Globulin is contained in the blood of a person who has had the disease. It takes about a pint of blood to produce one dose of gamma globulin. This is injected into people who may be liable to come into contact with the disease with the idea of protecting them front infection. Its value in this respect was investigated in America in 1952, 54.772 children being inoculated half of them with globulin, the other half with gelatin. It was found that after the eighth week there was no protective value which could be ascribed to the globulin and that the injection of gelatin in the controls was itself associated with an increase of paralysis in the limb injected.In the following year 235,000 children were inoculated. The National Advisory Committee conducting the inquiry were of the opinion that "it had no apparent effect on the incidence or severity of paralysis developing in subsequent cases." According to Dr. Geffen (Public Health March 1955) "it is expensive, uncertain, unreliable, and at the best the immunity it gives is shortlived." Probably, he says. 5.8 weeks. At any rate it was unsuccessful in protecting a laboratory technician who (in November 1954) accidentally sustained an abrasion of one linger with a hone spicule from the vertebral column of a monkey that had died after repeated intramuscular inoculation with type 2 virus. He was given gamma-globulin intramuscularly on the same day, but developed symptoms of polio eight days later. (Lancet, April 2. l955. p 702). Nor did it prevent the occurrence of 40 cases of poliomyelitis among 6000 inoculated persons during an epidemic in Manitoba in 1953. In 36 cases the disease developed within 7 days of the inoculation. The Times (November 16. 1953) in reporting the incident stated that the Manitoba health authorities, while holding that gamma-globulin is useful, concluded that it is not a final answer in curbing outbreaks of polio. No one could call this an overstatement. The more favourable results which had been reported in the first of the two trials referred to above were due, it was explained, to the fact that in this trial (1952) the controls were injected with gelatin, while in the second (1953) they were given no injections of any kind. Hammon and his colleagues who conducted the former, "appreciated the possibility that inoculation of gelatin, like that of many other substances, might provoke paralytic poliomyehitis in certain cases, and so give gamma—globulin a false reputation for protective action." (Lancet. March 13. 1954. p.558). It may hardly he credited that, in spite of this scientific proof of the ineffectiveness of gamma-globulin the President of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. Inc.. announced that they were making three million doses of the serum available in l954 compared with one million in I953.It is the more extraordinary that in the August 1954 issue of their own bulletin, Poliomyelitis Current Literature (Quoted in Medical Officer Nov 19, 1954, p260) they actually published the information that ‘ Dr. Draber studied the possible effect of gamma-globbulin in a mass inoculation programme in Wisconsin. He comments that there is no evidence that gamma-globulin had any effect in altering the course of the poliomyelitis outbreak or preventing cases of the disease.’ They also admitted that "following the failure of gamma-globulin in household contacts this substance is not being provided in Illinois for use in 1954."
It was not, however on account of its failure as a prophylactic that in 1953 the Glasgow Public Health Department declined the offer of a supply of the serum by the trustees of the United States Roosevelt Memmorial Fund. The reason given was interesting and, according to the Weekly Scotsman (January 22, 1953), was that with the comparatively small incidence of poliomyelitis in that city, it would have required the inoculation of 1,250,000 people to prevent an epidemic that might attack, at most, only 250.
This alleged prophylactic is one more pitiful example of the unreliability of animal experimentation, for Bodian had found in 1949 that gamma-globulin was highly successful in protecting monkeys against subsequent infection with all three types of virus.’www.whale.to/vaccine/bayly.html====================================== So, what was the outcome of this?
p53................................ ====================== 1955 Georgia State public health officers meet in Atlanta (May 1955) to discuss what was going wrong with the Salk vaccine program . A U.S. Public Health scientist at the meeting told the group that "he was not permitted to disclose what had happened because it would jeopardize the investment of the pharmaceutical firms in the vaccine program."It wasn't Sabins vaccine,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,it was SALKS..................... the comment, "how can I patent the sun?..........is interesting...............1955 Idaho brings its Salk vaccination program to a halt on July 1, 1955. Utah does the same on July 12, 1955.1955 Boston Herald newspaper reports on April 18, 1955, features an article entitled "Drug Companies Expecting Big Profit on Salk Vaccine", which stated. "A spokesman for Parke-Davis, which made 50% of the Salk vaccine, said 'now that it has been declared safe, we can get back the millions we invested in the development of the Salk vaccine and make a profit out of it. Our company will make over $10 million on Salk vaccine in 1955.'"1955 Rhodes and Company, Wall Street brokers specializing in drug securities, estimate that the gross revenue of the six vaccine houses licensed to produce and sell Salk vaccine would be about $60 million, with profits of $20 million.1955 The CIA conducts a biological warfare experiment in the Tampa Bay area in Florida with agents withdrawn from an Army CBW center. A sharp rise in whooping cough (Pertussis) cases occurs, including 12 deaths, following the test.1955 The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis asks the public for $47 million in its "March of Dimes" campaign. The program took over $249 million from the American public since racketeers decided to use FDR's birthday in 1933 as the time of year for the campaign. 1955 American Cancer Society publication "Cancer Facts" states "there are only three proven ways to curb cancer - x-rays, radium and surgery, either singly or in combination." 1955 Washington Bureau of the Detroit Free Press reports, on June 3, 1955, that "The USPHS reported that more children who received Salk shots made by the Wyeth Labs suffered polio than could normally be expected;"1955 AMA Conference in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Article by James C. Spaulding who covered the conference was published in the AMA Journal, June 19, 1955, "A policy of secrecy and deception has been followed by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and the US Public Health Service in the polio vaccine programs. The nation's physicians were prevented from learning vital information about the trouble with Salk vaccine. The US Public Health Service had an advisory group made up almost entirely of scientists who were receiving money from the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis, which was exerting pressure to go ahead with the program even after Salk vaccine was found to be dangerous.".
Spaulding further said, "the Infantile Paralysis Foundation kept secret the fact that live virus was detected in four out of six supposedly "finished and safe" lots of vaccine."
1955 Salk Polio Vaccine again used in the US.Cases of polio skyrocket again in the United States.
1955 Reports that doctors on the staff of the National Institutes for Health are avoiding vaccination of their children with the Salk vaccine. After experimenting with 1,200 monkeys, they declared the Salk vaccine worthless as a preventative and a danger to take.
1955 Molecular structure of insulin determined.1955 First vaccinated generation become adolescents. 1955 Vermont reports a 266% increase in polio since vaccinations began in 1954. 1955 Rhode Island reports 454% increase in polio since vaccinations in 1954. 1955 Massachusetts reports 642% increase in polio since vaccinations began in 1954 with vaccination of 130,000 children. In response, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis states that the increase in cases was due to the fact that "no children were vaccinated there." Massachusetts bans the sale of Salk vaccine." 1955 Dr. Graham W. Wilson, director of Britains Public Health Laboratory Service, who knew about the NIH Salk vaccine trials, says "I do not see how any vaccine prepared by Salk's method can be guaranteed safe." 1955 US Surgeon General Scheele admits in a closed session of the AMA that "Salk polio vaccine is hard to make and no batch can be proven safe before given to children". Despite this fact, the public is told that the vaccine is safe. The government announces that it has the intention to vaccinate 57 million people before August 1955. 1955 Surgeon General Scheele (who never practiced medicine a day in his life) goes on public radio saying "I have complete confidence in the Salk vaccine. I urge doctors to continue vaccinations." 1955 Rock music injected into society. Hyper- activity begins to appear in children. Children are born "only thinking of themselves", indicating neurological changes have taken place. 1955 Dr. Saul Krugman conducts experiments at Willowbrook Hospital in New York in which children are deliberately infected with active Hepatitis virus as part of a study of the disease. Some of the children were retarded. 1956 Seventeen states in the United States reject their government-supplied Salk polio vaccine. 1956 The US tests experimental birth control drugs made by Searle on women in Puerto Rico and Haiti. The women were not informed about potentially serious side effects. 1956 The US Army begins a 3-year program testing biological warfare agents in poor black communities in Savannah, Georgia and Avon Park, Florida. The Army releases mosquitos infected with yellow fever. Many people developed unknown fevers and some died. After each test, the US Army posed as health officials, photographing and testing victims, then disappearing as quickly as they arrived.
1956 US government appropriates $53.6 million to "aid states in providing free vaccine to people under 20 years of age". 1956 Idaho health director Peterson states that polio only struck vaccinated children in areas where there had been no cases of polio since the preceeding autumn. In 90% of the cases, the paralysis occurred in the arm in which the vaccine had been injected.
1956 American Public Health Service announces 168 cases of polio and 6 deaths among those vaccinated. Censorship is then imposed on the reporting of reactions to Salk vaccine.1956 The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis conducts its annual "March of Dimes" campaign, milking the public of $47 million.
1956 Annual production of DDT 500 million pounds.
1956 Oral polio vaccine developed further by Sabin.
1956 March 1956 issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association, H.C. Hodge remarks, "skeletal deposition of fluoride is a continuing process in which a considerable portion of the ingested fluoride, perhaps 25 to 50%, is deposited in the skeleton."
1956 Rock and Roll in full swing. 1956 Four new antibiotics tested in the United States. 1956 The US Public Health Service and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (Rockefeller) put on a drive to "sell" Salk polio vaccine to the public.
1957 Governor Knight of California asks the legislature for $3 million in order to insure vaccination for all those under 40 years old with Salk polio vaccine. The newspapers report that corporate profits from the Salk vaccine will be in excess of $5 billion. (Feb 6, 1957). Governor Knight notes there are 4 million Californians under 40 and signs the bill.
1957 FDA tests report that 10 of 13 certified food dyes produce cancer in rats1957 Pertussis vaccination programs exist in all industrialized nations, with the US leading the way. The vaccine is promoted as "risk free". 1957 In a 1957 AMA report it was stated " It is too early to know what the effects of artificial fluoridation will be. What is reported as a reduction in dental decay may in fact be a delay in recognition of decay, and reasons given for believing that artificially fluoridated water will have the same effects as water with natural fluoride are not valid."
1957 Records for New Britain, Connecticut (where the use of industrial fluorides had been in use for 6 years) showed that some of the children's teeth had been damaged beyond repair where the water is fluoridated. Even when the percentage of industrial fluorine is kept at or below 1 ppm, mottling is produced in 10-15% of the children examined. Mottled teeth are teeth showing symptoms of fluorosis, and the enamel of mottled teeth is brittle and subject to mechanical injury which is difficult or impossible to repair. 1957 Examination of the 1957 directory of the American Psychiatric Association shows that an enormous percentage of individuals listed are foreign-born, mostly from Germany and Eastern Europe. 1958 World literature now contains 107 cases of severe reaction to Pertussis vaccine (93 of those cases were in the US). At the Fountain Hospital in London, Dr. J.M. Berg analyzed the 107 cases and found that 31 of them showed signs of permanent brain damage. Berg calls attention to the danger of mental retardation as an effect of the Pertussis vaccine and emphasizes that "any suggestion of a neurological reaction to a Pertussis vaccination should be an absolute contraindication to further innoculation." The United States medical establishment ignores and suppresses the data. American physicians maintain that the damage caused is small compared to "lack of 'serious' reactions in children vaccinated." No data has ever been found to justify a basis for this conclusion. 1958 Verdict of $147,000 rendered against Cutter Laboratories in Calfornia for the crippling of two children with the Salk polio vaccine. Cutter Labs was the only vaccine manufacturer not part of the Rockefeller Trust.
1958 In October 1958, Dr. J.F. Montague, a medical doctor, published material reflecting his growing concern over fluoridation in the Journal of the International College of Surgeons, connecting the presence of fluorine in the human body to cancer.1958 An interesting piece of work was done by Dr. James Kerwin, a dentist, in which it was shown that the simultaneous presence of fluorine and strontium 90 in the human body may result in a greater accumulation of both substances in which compounds like strontium fluoride are formed. Because of the low solubility of these substances, the body has a very hard time getting rid of them. His report was published in Dental Digest in February 1958.1958 Survey of 13,000 adolescent boys in Philadelphia who had been vaccinated, 7.5% were associated with crime. 1958 Delaney Act on Food Additives Enacted into law.1958 Time magazine reports that a Harvard biochemist and his assistants had been working for 10 years, bankrolled by the Sugar Research Foundation, to discover a way to prevent sugar causing dental decay. No remedy found. 1958 US Government burns papers of Wilhelm Reich in New York City.1958 Outgoing President of the Gerontological Society, Dr.A.Lansing, muses "finding a cure for cancer and heart disease would be a major financial disaster which would bankrupt the social security system and the insurance companies." Prevention, J.L. Rodale, 11/1961. 1959 In the report of the proceedings of the 3rd Medical-Dental Conference on the Evaluation of Fluoridation, held on March 7, 1959 in New York City, the committee concluded that "It is apparent that the practice of fluoridation is not the simple, trustworthy procedure that the promoting authorities have given the profession and the public to believe. Added to the lack of control of fluorides at the consumers tap are these major uncertainties: the gross variation in individual water consumption, the varied intake of fluorides in food and the fluoride intake from atmospheric and occupational exposure. These unpredictable issues make meaningless any talk about "controlled individual fluorine intake." Most, if not all of this research has been buried by the authorities, who maintain glibly that "fluoride compounds are safe in the water supply". 1959 The United States never conducts its own clinical trials on Pertussis vaccine, but instead relies (as it still does today) on data collected by Britain's Medical Research Council in clinical trials in England in the 1950's for "proof of vaccine safety and effectiveness in newborns and children." Interestingly, Britain's trials on 50,000 British children were performed on children more than 14 months old. None of the children were newborns. 1959 National Institute of Health (NIH) approves licensing of Quadrigen vaccine for children, containing Pertussis, Diptheria, Tetanus and Polio vaccines. The new combination vaccine was found to be highly reactive and was withdrawn from the market in 1968 after parents started filing lawsuits against Parke- Davis for vaccine damaged children. 1959 Fluorides were used as an enzyme inhibitor in a study by J.D. Ebert that was published in 1959 on the metabolic pathways by which organs in an embryo are formed. In low concentrations, he found that sodium fluoride blocked almost completely the regions destined to form muscle, primarily affecting the heart muscle. In higher concentrations, it caused the entire embryo to disintegrate in a clear-cut pattern, starting with the heart-forming region. 1959 As early as 1959, the knowledge existed that the presence of fluoride in human bodies hastens the absorption of radioactive substances present in the environment. In a report to the Atomic Energy Commission's Division of Biology and Medicine entitled "The Metabolism of Alkaline Earth Metals by Bone" by F.W. Lengemann, professor of chemistry at the University of Tennessee on March 23, 1959, it was scientifically shown that the presence of fluorine and other environmental substances such as lead and cyanide in the human body increased the ratio of strontium 90 to calcium in bone. 1959 Dr. Albert Sabin develops oral live virus polio vaccination. 1959 The Ontario Minister of Health, Dr. Dymond, announced that no further fluoridation would be permitted there, because "no one knows for sure what the effect is to persons given fluoride throughout a lifetime." 1959 In research conducted on the incidence of Mongolism in cities in Wisconsin, Illinois and the Dakotas published in 1959 in the official publication of the French Academy of Medicine, it was found thatas the percentage of fluorides in the water rose, there was a parallel rise in the incidence of Mongoloid births. The age of the mothers giving birth to Mongoloid babies also declined with rising fluoride levels. It is interesting thatin the first three years of fluoridation, New Britain, Connecticut experienced a 150% rise in still births. 1959 Nobel prize to Ochoa & Kornberg for synthesis of RNA and DNA.1959 Pertussis vaccine found to have allergenic effect on animals. 1960 British Medical Journal publishes an article by Swedish vaccine researcher Justus Strom, who stated that the neurological complications from the disease Pertussis are less than that in the Pertussis vaccine. Strom also pointed out that "whooping cough (Pertussis) had changed and had become a milder disease, making it questionable whether universal vaccination against it is justified." 1960 General vaccination program for measles begins in the United States. 1960 The American Dental Association issued a pamphlet for public consumption called Fluoridation Facts: Answers to Criticisms of Fluoridation. In defense of the use of toxic fluoride compounds in public water supplies (which is a grievous crime against humanity, since it means mandated involuntary public medication), they used the logic that "people have been known to live to a ripe old age" in areas where the water supply is fluoridated. Unfortunately, they neglected to mention that the addition of fluoride to the water supply correlated directly with the number of still births, mongoloid children, brittle teeth and enlarged dental root structures, adverse spinal conditions, osteomalacia (softening of the bones) and osteoporosis (abnormally porous and spaced structure inside bone) in the medicated population as opposed to control populations that were unmedicated. 1960 Synthetic pituitary hormone achieved.
1960 Synthetic chlorophyll achieved.
1960 Development of laser device in United States.
1960 Canada begins to irradiate potatoes.1960 It is estimated in 1960 that over 1,000,000 children have vaccine-caused disabilities, including learning difficulties and school behavioral problems, behavioral disturbances, allergies, speech difficulties, visual problems, and problems in adjustment and coping. 1961 A senior school medical officer in northern England, J.M.Hooper, finds that parents are beginning to refuse to bring children for a Pertussis booster shot, based on earlier violent reaction to the "vaccination." Children were suffering from collapse, vomiting, and uncontrollable screaming. No one paid attention to these warnings. 1961 In Great Britain, Dr. R.A.Holman of the Royal Institute of Pathology discussed fluoride poisoning in an article in the April 15, 1961 issue of the British Medical Journal. He noted that the long-term effects of sodium fluoride ingestion needed much more investigation. He said "Fluoride is a well-known inhibitor of several enzyme systems". 1961 Sabin polio vaccine immunization campaign. 1961 United States conducts Operation Ranch Hand in Vietnam to defoliate the jungles of Vietnam using Agent Orange (dioxin). Generations of birth defects would appear in Vietnamese after this period. Agent Orange was also used by the British in Malaysia.By the time spraying ended, over 240 pounds of dioxin had been dumped on Asia.Two ounces in the water supply is enough to kill the population of New York or London. In 1981, the company that produced Agent Orange would be target of a class action lawsuit. 1962 US Army conducts biological warfare tests off Corpus Christ, Texas, spreading particles of zinc-cadmium sulfide, a compound which can cause birth defects, kidney and liver damage (AP 6/22/94).1962 Allan H. Frey publishes an article in Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 17 July 1962 entitled "Human Auditory System Response to Modulated Electromagnetic Energy". Frey discusses that even deaf people can pick up transmitted RF sound patterns and speech, as the brain is a receiver. In one experiment, Frey used pulsed microwaves to stop the heart of a frog, and also discovered that microwave effects on the hypothalamus had powerful effects on the emotions.1962 World population 3.1 billion on a planet Harvard University studies would later determine can comfortably hold 44 billion. 1962 United States has 200 nuclear reactors in operation, Britain 39, Russia 39. 1962 Thalidomide birth defects in children. Later, in late 1995, medical orthodoxy would resurrect the use of thalidomide for AIDS patients. 1962 Soft drinks are consumed at 16 gallons per person per year. 1962 First meeting in London of Parents of Autistic Children. 1962 Kefauver amendment to Food & Drug Act requiresFDA efficacy review. A threat to pharmaceutical industry and Rockefeller Medical Monopoly.1963 American Academy of Sciences study shows low fluoride levels increase tumors. 1963 British physician writes that pediatricians had become concerned about the high incidence of unpleasant reactions to the DPT shot. 1963 Correlation between SAT score decline and increase in violent crime. The study was by Rimland and Larson. The 1960's marked the beginning of the decline of the American IQ. Tests given in 1970 showed less capacity than in 1945. 1963 FDA gives permission for irradiation of bacon. Permission taken back in 1968. 1963 Time magazine expose of widespread prison experiments in "war on cancer". 1963 US Senate investigators told FDA works too closely with drug companies.
1963 John McCone, a founder of Bechtel, is CIA Director.1963 AMA Committee on Quackery incorporated to attack chiropractic doctors. 1963 American researcher John F.Enders creates a measles vaccine. Mass innoculations begin. 1963 A study is published which links fluorides and development of cancer in animals. Ref: Irwin Herskowitz and Isabel Norton "Increased Incidence of Melanotic Tumors...Following Treatment with Sodium Fluoride", Genetics, Vol 48, pp307-310. 1963 Children vaccinated with killed measles vaccine between 1963 and 1967 develop Atypical Measles Syndrome (AMS). Studies suggest the children's response to the "wild" measles virus is "altered" and that the severity and persistence of symptoms suggests encephalopathy (brain damage.) See 1967. 1964 Rimland calls attention to the parallels between autism and the brain injured children described by researchers in the 1930's and 1940's. 1964 Reward of $30,000 offered to prove polio vaccine was not fraud. No takers. 1964 Business Week magazine reports prisoner testing saves millions for companies 1964 Child autism shows a rising tide in pediatric clinics in the United States. In retrospect, the increased prevalence of autism in the 1950's and 1960's precisely reflected the expansion of mandated vaccination programs during the same decades. 1965 A study is published which links fluorides to cancer in animals. Ref: A. Taylor and N.C.Taylor, "Effect of Fluoride on Tumor Growth", Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol 65, pp252-255. 1965 Dow Chemical Company undertakes a 3-year human experimentation program on black prisoners ar Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia testing the human effects of dioxin, the highly toxic component of Agent Orange. No follow-up studies were conducted. A previous experiment by Dow on 51 prisoners was also conducted.After the harmful effects are determined, the agent is sprayed on the human population in Southeast Asia, causing decades of death and birth defects in both residents and US soldiers who return from the war. 1 965 Americans discover Soviet microwave bombardment of the American Embassy in Moscow. The State Department keeps the discovery a secret and begins a program studying the embassy employees for effects, which included leukemia, nausea, lymphoma and bleeding from the eyes. The existence of the Soviet beam was finally acknowledged in 1976.
1965 Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) sets up laboratory at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Washington DC to further study electromagnetic weapons. From this research comes the knowledge that microwaves cause central nervous system effects and can influence behavior.www.Relfe.comFrom then on it was food.............you are so right lil sis.............
But, the inactive vaccine had some kind of radiative particle, fluoride, fluorphore, or something that made it form an inorganic molecular product.......I am think about the electrical info on the dunalellia...............
So, was gamma globulin used in the vaccines???the Salk ones? tinyurl.com/62zpwmu================================ The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), grown in a type of monkey kidney Kidney The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and... tissue culture (Vero cell line), which are then inactivated with formalin. www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Polio_vaccine================================ There is much more to this story on the Salk Vaccine............. and fact that it was money maker.
just like today, vaccines for leishmaniasis................can't happen....................how to vaccinate a host for a protozoan without killing the host?
Influ was a way to bring in the RNA vector as if artificial food wasn't enough, then vaccines in the food................
lil sis, did you notice that Maloney virus was in Salks vaccine, one of 3....wonder if Morgellons is the MEF?
skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 17:48:35 GMT -5
We have to remember that Salk was working with Francis and others on the Salk vaccine. That may have had gamma globulin in it. It was banned by many states in 50s, because it was worthless as a vaccine, but, it did something else. It controlled the young who were given it from ages 5-9. A vulnerable age for children. Now, it set stage for a pandemic, so a virus had to be found, however, gamma globulin was used in the Salk vaccine. If Roosevelt had Gillian Barre disease, not polio, then the p53 tumour found from polyo ma virus (leukocyte causes tumours)was "Bird Flu".........Gross found that. So, what Roosevelt had was either cholera or muscular dystrophy. Polymovirus was found in birds.
Now, the Salk vaccine made a lot of money, in a contrived pandemic, called polio. polyo
So, it is related to the flu virus itself,
Now, compare this GABA. is gamma aminobutyric -------------------------------------------
this was sent to me by MRG researcher: GABA and yogert?......effects brain........"numbs brain down"........
================ The Yogurt Made Me Do It There's nothing metaphorical about 'gut feelings'—bacteria influences our mindsThe latest evidence comes from a new study of probiotic bacteria, the microorganisms typically found in yogurt and dairy products. While most investigations of probiotics have focused on their gastrointestinal benefits—the bacteria reduce the symptoms of diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome—this new research explored the effect of probiotics on the brain. The experiment, led by Javier Bravo at University College Cork in Ireland, was straightforward. First, he fed normal lab mice a diet full of probiotics. Then, Mr. Bravo's team tested for behavioral changes, which were significant: When probiotic-fed animals were put in stressful conditions, such as being dropped into a pool of water, they were less anxious and released less stress hormone. How did the food induce these changes? The answer involves GABA, a neurotransmitter that reduces the activity of neurons. When Mr. Bravo looked at the brains of the mice, he found that those fed probiotics had more GABA receptors in areas associated with memory and the regulation of emotions. (This change mimics the effects of popular antianxiety medications in humans.)Furthermore, when he severed the nerve connecting the gut and brain in a control group of mice, these neural changes disappeared. The probiotic diet no longer relieved the symptoms of stress.online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904265504576566820066488938.html=========================== So, what is this GABA?
We are back to the RHO cytoskeletal rearrangements?www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=GABRR1================================= So, this is related to Alz as well..................
GABA is amino butyric acid.......................... and is related to alpha beta of amyloid in ALZ. the light/chains...........GAMMA...............
=== Vulnerability of small GABAergic neurons to human b-amyloid pentapeptide"Abstract . b-Amyloid peptide Ab , the principal component of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease, has been found to be neurotoxic. The role of Ab in the deficits of the GABAergic system in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is unclear. It has been suggested that the cytotoxic activity of Ab is localized to amino acid residues 25–35 of this peptide, which contains a total of 42 amino acid residues. We now report . . that the short amyloid peptide fragments corresponding to amino acids 31–35 Ab31–35 and 34–39 Ab34–39 are also toxic in vitro to the small GABAergic neuron population of basal forebrain cultures. Morphological changes were accompanied by an increased number of varicosities localized on the processes of the GABA-immunoreactive neurons and by the appearance of round cells without processes.The neurodegeneration was confirmed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Quantification of the morphological findings by image analysis demonstrated a size-related dependence of the degeneration of GABAergic neurons. The results suggest that fragments of Ab shorter than Ab25–35 may exert cytotoxic action and demonstrate the toxicity of these Ab fragments in decreasing the number of small GABAergic neurons. q1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Amyloid; Alzheimer’s disease; Neuronal culture;[b] GABA [/b] immunocytochemistry; Scanning electron microscopy; Image analysis" =============== Gamma globulin related to immune system. were used in inactivated vaccines where there were 3 polios:Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), What were these? skyship Now, consider this.
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 20:56:48 GMT -5
Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus),INACTIVATED POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE (DIPLOID CELL ORIGIN) - IPV For active immunization against poliomyelitis DESCRIPTION Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine ( Diploid Cell Origin) – IPV is a sterile suspension of three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Mahoney), Type 2 (MEF-1) and Type 3 (Saukett). Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Diploid Cell Origin) – IPV is a highly purified, inactivated poliovirus vaccine produced by microcarrier culture. (1) (2) The viruses are grown in cultures of MRC-5 cells, a line of normal human diploid cells, by the microcarrier technique. The cells are grown in CMRL 1969 medium, supplemented with calf serum. For viral growth the culture medium is replaced by M-199, without calf serum. After clarification and filtration, viral suspensions are concentrated by ultrafiltration and purified. The monovalent viral suspensions are inactivated at 37°C with 1:4,000 formalin. Monovalent concentrates of each type are then combined to produce a trivalent concentrate. Each dose (0.5 mL) contains: poliovirus Type 1 (Mahoney) 40 D antigen units Type 2 (MEF-1) 8 D antigen units Type 3 (Saukett) 32 D antigen units Type 3 (Saukett) 32 D antigen units formaldehyde 27 ppm 2-phenoxyethanol (not as a preservative) 0.5% polymyxin B Trace amounts (<4 pg by calculation) neomycin Trace amounts (<4 pg by calculation) bovine serum albumin ≤50 ng* polysorbate 80 approx. 20 ppm* phosphate buffered saline q.s. to 0.5 mL * by calculation The vaccine is clear and colourless and should be administered subcutaneously. INDICATIONS Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Diploid Cell Origin) - IPV is indicated for active immunization against poliomyelitis caused by poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 in infants, children and adults both for primary immunization and for boosters as described below. www.vaccineshoppecanada.com/secure/pdfs/ca/ipv_E.pdf================================================= canada and u of m where part of this, canada made lg amount of this vaccine meaning (Salk Vaccine) so M-199 substitutes for the 1969 version that had calf serum in it. so Sigma Aldrich had hands in most all of the artificial products. This is where the inorganic comes in........ ==================== Medium 199 Many early tissue culture media were predominantly formulated from animal products and/or tissue extracts. In 1950, Morgan and his coworkers reported their efforts to produce a totally defined nutritional source for cell cultures. Their experiments, conducted with various combinations of vitamins, amino acids, and other factors revealed that growth of explanted tissue could be measured in what has become known as Medium 199. However, it was found that long-term cultivation of cells required addition of a serum supplement to the culture fluid. When properly supplemented, Medium 199 has broad species applicability, particularly for cultivation of non-transformed cells. It is widely used in virology, vaccine production and in vitro cultivation of primary explants of mouse pancreatic epithelial and rat lens tissues. M 4530 Medium 199 * Liquid * With Earle's salts, L-glutamine, and sodium bicarbonate; * Sterile-filtered * Endotoxin tested * Cell culture tested Complete liquid version of the original M 199 formulation published by Morgan. One of the early media formulations used for virus production. www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/cell-culture/classical-media-salts/medium-199.html=============================== So what are Earle's salts, L-glutamine, and sodium bicarbonate; so instead of using animal serum like they did in past, now using chemicals. Venter's dream. What is the fourth component? must be virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan, there has to be a fourth ingredient. oops must well, cell culture will tell, I guess, amino acids, carbohydrate, inorganic salts, vitamins. Since all is inorganic? no need for organic genes?or proteins?====================== COMP ONEN T S All defined cell culture media generally consists of four basic chemical groups: amino acids, carbohydrates, inorganic salts, and v i t a m i n s .amino acids carbohydrates inorganic salts vitaminsAmino AcidsAmino acids (essential and non-essential) are required for protein synthesis. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the cell and must be supplied exogenously in the formulation. Non-essential amino acids, on the other hand, depending on the metabolism of individual cells, may be synthesized by the cell and are not required in the formulation. How ever, a formulation that provides non-essential amino acids may minimize the metabolic burden of the cell, thus allowing the cell to proliferate more rapidly or to produce a desired end-product more efficiently.Ca r b o h y d r a t e sGlucose is the most common carbohydrate used in mammalian cell culture. It provides the major energy or carbon source for biosynthesis. Through glycolysis glucose is broken down to pyruvate which is converted to essential metabolites and metabolic waste products in the citric acid cycle. Some media also contain sodium pyruvate as a carbon source. Galactose, which metabolizes to lactic acid at a slower rate is sometimes substituted or used with glucose. This prevents excessive lactic acid accumulation and pH shift caused by the metabolic conversion of glucose to lactic acid.Inorganic Salts (Balanced Sa l t s )lnorganic salts are essential to cell growth and maintenance. They provide major ions in the form of sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate. Inorganic salts also help maintain the cellular membrane by controlling the osmotic pressure. Additionally, they act as a buffer to protect cells from pH fluctuations due to metabolic waste products. V i t a m i n sVitamins are generally included in all formulations and function as catalysts or substrates to faci litate or control certain metabolic functions. Most cells require B vitamins. Other vitamins, or coenzymes, may be required by some cells and are therefore included in certain cell culture media.scholagene.com/Documents/Katalog%20Euroclone%20pozywki%20i%20surowice.pdf============================================ Okay this is what is need for a cell culture? ?? ---------------------------------------------- cellgro.com/products/classical-media/minimum-essential-medium-mem.htmlMEM is a Medium Essential Medium: =========================================== Cell cultures: today..........MEMS................ INORGANIC or mixture of different cells that mimic real cells: www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-Services/Applications/Cell-Culture.html?cid=covinvggl89100000031452s&s_kwcid=TC|12316|gibco||S|e|7287764298www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/Products-and-Services/Applications/Cell-Culture/Insect-Cell-Culture.htmlso, I think I see what is going on. but if this Earles salts, which includes is involved, where did it come from? skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 21:07:19 GMT -5
If these are the inorganic salts used:
Inorganic Salts (Balanced Sa l t s ) lnorganic salts are essential to cell growth and maintenance. They provide major ions in the form of
sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate.
Inorganic salts also help maintain the cellular membrane by controlling the osmotic pressure. Additionally, they act as a buffer to protect cells from pH fluctuations due to metabolic waste products.
So, that is mixture of Earle's salts which are in the artificial vaccines.
Okay, but going back to the gamma globulin, what was its origin?
skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 21:19:02 GMT -5
FROM A CHICKEN HEART and FIBROBLAST CELLS, these are the RHO they cytoskeletal... Oh man............. these fibroblast cells from chicken....? I hope I am not reading this right!The UMNSAH/DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast line is useful as a substrate for virus propagation, recombinant protein expression, and recombinant virus production. The line is susceptible to a number of viruses, including Meleagrid herpes virus 1, fowlpox virus, reovirus, avian sarcoma leukemia virus, and Rous sarcoma virus. The cells are not, however, tumorigenic in immunosuppressed mice, but do form colonies in a semisolid medium. UMNSAH/DF-1 cells are negative for reverse transcriptase, indicating the lack of integral retrovirus genomes. micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cells/cef/cefcells.html==========================
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 21:28:25 GMT -5
back to the core of this thread, sorry for wandering around, but do wonder if something from the dead sea was used in the original Salk Vaccine..
dunaliella salina gamma globulinOf course, they would know about this in Egypt, the Alexandrian library, once the secrets were removed, burned it down? how did the fire start, and Roosevelts fighting fire, then jumping in a lake to cool off.
What was left in dead sea after the Alexandrian Fire? JUST an ASIDE, since these Illuminati's just adore the Alexandrian Library............ what was stolen???================================ WOW>.......the blue green algae, same stuff in the Triatoma gut, the one I squished, had blue green, teal colored fluid coming out.======================================================= ===
Mutagenesis of Dunaliella salina Most plant can tolerate much doses of radiation higher than animals (Hluchovsky & Srb, 1963). The blue green algae, in particular, tolerate various doses of ionization radiation (Krous, 1969). It has long been known, that the nucleus is much more sensitive to radiation injury than the cytoplasm, and the chromosomes are among the earliest cellular structures affected by radiation (Read, 1959). So, this makes on think that gamma particles (radiation particles) were used in the original Salk Vaccine?Culture of Dunalliella salina (obtained from Algal Collection of Botany Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria) were grown in MH medium (Johnson et al., 1968) as modified by Loeblish (1982). Both irradiated and control algal cultures were grown in 500 mL conical flasks in a culture room under controlled conditions of light (3500 lux) and temperature (25C0 ± 1) and 12 h photoperiod. After the 7th generation of the treated Dunaliella salina to different doses of gamma irradiation (100, 180, 330, 430 gray) by cobalt 60-Source the treated and untreated cells cultured and harvested at the exponential phase to estimate PCR DNA, peptide mapping and peroxidase isozyme. www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-issues/IJABVOL_7_NO_3/35.pdfnuff said............................COBALT 60, bet used in original bucky ball.................more:
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 21:52:50 GMT -5
Chlorophyceae: Volvocales (Dunaliellales) Volvocida: Dunaliellina: Astermonadidae DunaliellaTeodoresco, 1905 (Illustrated Guide, 2000) Teodorescu, 1905 (Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 9, Chlorophyta I, 1983) Family: Cell body rounded, exceptionally asymmetric in shape; delimited only by plasma membrane (cellwall absent), in most species, posterior part of cell changeable in shape; 2 or 4 flagella present; chloroplast variable in shape; papilla absent; stigma present or absent; some groups lack chloroplasts; inhabiting freshwater and seawater (Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 9, Chlorophyta I, 1983). Genus: Cell body naked (without cellwall or lorica); oval or elliptical; dicentrically symmetrical; 2 equal-length flagella; chloroplast bowl-shaped or parietal plate, often colored red or orange owing to excess carotenoid pigments; stigma present in most species; 2 anterior contractile vacuoles; fresh water (Illustrated Guide, 1985). Cell body ellipsoidal, ovoid, or inverted ovoid, or variable in shape; tail-like structure present in some species; two flagella present; chloroplast cup-shaped or "trough"-shaped; pyrenoids present/absent; stigma also present/absent; many species accumulate haematochromes outside plastid; nucleus located anteriorly (Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 9, Chlorophyta I, 1983). images: protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB3/PCD1864/htmls/90.htmlprotist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/PCD0845/htmls/02.htmlprotist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/images/Chlorophyta/Dunaliella/salina_1.jpgprotist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/images/Chlorophyta/Dunaliella/index.htmlsky
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 4, 2011 21:56:37 GMT -5
Red and green forms:www.salinesystems.org/content/1/1/2/figure/F4 D. salina is part of the BAC, the bacterial artificial chromosome:================ The BAC blends contain four highly nurtured and balanced microalgae: * Spirulina Pacifica * Spirulina Plantentis * Dunaliella Salina * Heomatoccoccus PluvialisSpirulina is a microalgae that cannot be seen by naked eyes, being multi-cell blue green algae, grown in warm and brackish water, with the properties as alkaline. T he most reserched strain researched in more than 30 countries and 4,000 scientists worldwide, is platensis. The r oot of “spirulina” comes from Latin as helix or spiral that means the spiral shape like a whorl as Deurben; the German scientist had named it as spirulina in 1927.
Spirulina as helix or spiralSpirulina is generally found in fresh water, brine and brackish water. It consist of 60-70 % protein in dry weight. Its protein elements include 18 types of amino acids, several vitamins, such as vitamin A, B, E, H and minerals, thousands of enzymes and several essential and non-essential fatty acids.Dunaliella Salina is a single celled, salt-water micro-algae that accumulates massive amounts of carotenoids under appropriate growth conditions. It is characterized by its ability to accumulate very high concentrations of β-carotene. Concentrations of up to 14% of dry weight have been reported (Aasen et al., 1969; Borowitzka, LJ et al., 1984). The green unicellular flagellate Dunaliella salina also accumulate very high concentrations of glycerol (Borowitzka, LJ and Brown, 1974; Borowitzka, LJ, 1981 b).
Dunaliella's rich beta carotene Natural mixed carotenoids found in Dunaliella salina are among nature's best antioxidants, containing a variety of carotenoids including beta carotene, alpha carotene and xanthophylls like zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin and lutein. Natural mixed carotenoids belong to a family of naturally occurring yellow, orange and red pigments, which are also found in various fruits, cruciferous, yellow and dark - green vegetables as also abundantly in certaim microalgae. Haematococcus Pluvialis is believed to be by far the world's richest known source of astaxanthin, a unique natural carotenoid pigment and biological antioxidant. When compared with vitamin E, astaxanthin’s potency as an antioxidant ranges from approximately 80 times to as much as 550 times greater. Additionally, when tested against a wide array of ROS and nitrogen-reactive species, astaxanthin appears to be the most effective in scavenging this wide variety of harmful products. Astaxanthin is known to be able to span the lipid/protein bilayer of biological membranes, imparting a powerful antioxidant effect.Haematococcus richest source of astaxanthin Haematococcus pluvialis' mixed carotenoids combination yields superior potency and versatility for an ideal antioxidant. Additionally, because its astaxanthin appears to enter the central nervous system better than many other antioxidants, its utility in many central disorders hold significant promises.Haematococcus yields mixed carotenoids BAC is likely the most complete food on earth Find next a summary list of the nutrients and phytonutrients of the algae that compose BAC. In the next pages you will also find a detailed list of those nutrients.
they call it the Magic BACwww.themagicisbac.com/page4-10.html=========================
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 6, 2011 17:19:55 GMT -5
Lil sis, It looks lie dunal. salina is a dinoflagellate. That means it is in the algae that is there. They are using this as bioremediation for sure. but, it seems it was used for other things, like the patent says......... =========================== Dunaliella D. salina = grows in GSL; harvested as a source of β-carotene To live in a saline environment than can be up to 10x saltier than sea water, D. salina stores carbohydrates as glycerol (not starch) which will help the alga maintain its water balance. The glycerol can make up as much as 30% of a cell’s dry weight. Under stress conditions, the alga makes large amounts of β-carotene; the β-carotene can account for up to 20% of a cell's dry weight. Other species of Dunaliella grow in extreme environments other than saline lakes, like acid hot springs. Dunaliella acidophila Cyanidium caldarium Galdieria sulphuraria - can grown in the rocks around the hot springWithin the rocks, the upper layers of the alga near the rock’s surface are the primary producers, and the algal layers further into the rock are consumers dependent on the surface cells. faculty.weber.edu/sharley/1203/Algae-Lichens.html===================================== it stores carbohydrates as glycerol not starch. Evidently, its product is supposed to give Vitamin A, but according to this it does not.======================= Here is zea1 or this product:============= A mutant of the green alga Dunaliella salina constitutively accumulates zeaxanthin under all growth conditions Keywords: * carotenoid biosynthesis; * Dunaliella salina; * green alga; * photosynthesis; * mass culture; * zeaxanthin Abstract A novel mutant (zea1) of the halotolerant unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina is impaired in the zeaxanthin epoxidation reaction, thereby lacking a number of the β-branch xanthophylls. HPLC analysis revealed that the zea1 mutant lacks neoxanthin (N), violaxanthin (V) and antheraxanthin (A) but constitutively accumulates zeaxanthin (Z). Under low-light physiological growth conditions, the zea1 (6 mg Z per g dry weight or 8 × 10−16 mol Z/cell) had a substantially higher Z content than the wild type (0.2 mg Z per g dry weight or 0.5 × 10−16 mol Z/cell). Lack of N, V, and A did not affect photosynthesis or growth of the zea1 strain. Biochemical analyses suggested that Z constitutively and quantitatively substitutes for N, V, and A in the zea1 strain. This mutant is discussed in terms of its commercial value and potential utilization by the algal biotechnology industry for the production of zeaxanthin, a high-value bioproduct. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 115–124, 2003. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.10459/abstract============================ Products that contain this, and they say there is no Vitamin A at all.Zeaxanthin is 3R,3'R-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol and it belongs to a group of pigments known as xanthophylls or oxycarotenoids which have no provitamin A activity. ftp.fao.org/es/esn/jecfa/cta/CTA_63_Zeaxanthin.pdf====== pigments known as xanthophylls or oxycarotenoids
And duna is not an algae, it is a dinoflaggelate, it has flagella. is a protozoan.
the algae is this:www.mytylus.com/mytylus_sp/estudis.htmleol.org/pages/901592/overviewSo, it is a chlorphyta with this d. salinia as a symbiont. a pyrenoid:::::::::::::::: in it....www.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/tets/appearance.html=============================== protists inside a protozoan.....................
Did they not know the difference between protists and algae?
Sounds like this was the big screwup! If this is in foods we are eating this dinoflagellate and most like it is latent at times, because of its extreme tolerance to heat and cold and salt and freshwater..... Goes dormant........our little cell may just be this. So right.....Was it used in the orginal Salk Vaccine? Bet it was.......Earles salts, salts from dead sea.?=================================== The Development Of Microalgae As A Bioreactor System For The Production Of Recombinant ProteinsDunaliella, a genus of unicellular, biflagellate green algae, is one of the most studied microalgae for mass culture and is of commercial importance as a source of natural -carotene. Dunaliella species have the desirable properties of halotolerance and photoautotrophy that makes their large-scale culture simple and cheap using resources unsuitable for conventional agriculture. The ease and cost-effectiveness of culture makes Dunaliella a desirable target for increased production of natural compounds by metabolic engineering or for exploitation as biological factories for the synthesis of novel high-value compounds. However, the lack of efficient genetic transformation systems has been a major limitation in the manipulation of these microalgae.
But, it is being used anyway............................. A lack of genetic information, and they are putting it in foods? They keep calling it an algae,......................it is a protist................
Protist: Chlorophyceae: Volvocales (Dunaliellales) Volvocida: Dunaliellina: Astermonadidae Volvocales???volvocida.......
Chlamydomonoas are flagellated protists not algae.................. or microalgae........................ are related to this construction............... Want to use for fuel, and put these protist all over environment? A big error.............. Chloroplasts are cells in plants............Humans have cells without chloroplast.
So by using the protist cell, they are giving us a live protist, that does not belong in our food and should not be used for fuel. The are extromphiles holos...........Deliberately contaminating the environment and living matter.
ties right into the trypanasoma...........................protists............euglenoid
So lets look at the pyrenoid...........that is in the duna..... THIS BIOREACTOR IS THE NANOMACHINE>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>========================== This dunale. is like the tardigrade, can lay dormant and when temperature humidity are right, it comes to life, so the heat shock proteins have to be in them................================================= THEY ARE PROKARYOTES<<<<<<<<<<<<<protists, not alga =========================== www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01490450903232207?journalCode=ugmb20#previewskyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 6, 2011 17:37:53 GMT -5
pyrenoids euglenoids protists Trypanosomatid parasites cause serious diseases among humans, livestock, and plants. They belong to the order of the Kinetoplastida and form, together with the Euglenida, the phylum Euglenozoa. Euglenoid algae possess plastids capable of photosynthesis, but plastids are unknown in trypanosomatids. Here we present molecular evidence that trypanosomatids possessed a plastid at some point in their evolutionary history. Extant trypanosomatid parasites, such as Trypanosoma and Leishmania, contain several “plant-like” genes encoding homologs of proteins found in either chloroplasts or the cytosol of plants and algae. The data suggest that kinetoplastids and euglenoids acquired plastids by endosymbiosis before their divergence and that the former lineage subsequently lost the organelle but retained numerous genes. Several of the proteins encoded by these genes are now, in the parasites, found inside highly specialized peroxisomes, called glycosomes, absent from all other eukaryotes, including euglenoids. Plant like traits in trypanasoma...............algae like traits in dunalelli............................. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC298727/We got em............................... The cell was euglenoid, with the pyrenoids in them.......in the alga. ITS A HORNWORT! In cell biology, pyrenoids are organelles, centers of carbon dioxide fixation within the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts.[1][2] Pyrenoids are not membrane-bound, but specialized areas of the plastid that contain high levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO). The name of it is RuBisCO......the reactor................... So, the EVOLUTIONARY CELL................... the ORGANIC cell...............then made all the crap in our parasite............... RuBisCO is very important in terms of biological impact because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon permanently enters the biosphere. Many autotrophic bacteria and archaea fix carbon via the reductive acetyl CoA pathway, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle or the reverse Krebs cycle, but they make up a relatively minor portion of global net primary production. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase PEPC only temporarily fixes carbon. RuBisCO is also the most abundant protein in leaves, and is considered to be the most abundant protein on Earth.[2][3] It accounts for 50% of soluble leaf protein in C3 plants (20-30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in C4 plants (5-9% of total leaf nitrogen).[3] Given its important role in the biosphere, there are currently efforts to genetically engineer crop plants so as to contain more efficient RuBisCO (see below). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCONow,, will go after the MAN.............N................. He calls it: INORGANIC BIOLOGY>............................... Skyship HAS INORGANIC CARBON...............that is the BLACK GRANULES WE HAVE>
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 7, 2011 4:14:37 GMT -5
Inorganic carbon and S. Mann:
Just knew this Mann would have it:
Could life have emerged inside inorganic shells?07 July 2011 The basic components of cells can operate within the bounds of inorganic membranes made from nanoparticles, a new study shows. The authors say such membranes provide an alternative model for explaining how the first cells evolved from simple, inorganic molecules. Chemists created silicon-based membranes with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties akin to those of lipid bilayers in natural cells. Nanoparticles self-assembled in oil to form 'protocells', enclosing drops of water inside porous silicon shells. 'What was really interesting was that not only could we stabilise the droplets - which had been shown before - but that the nanoparticle-based shell could be considered as a primitive, semi-permeable inorganic membrane,' says Stephen Mann, one of the researchers based at the University of Bristol, UK. To produce the desired water-loving/hating membrane, the researchers functionalised the surface of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles with silanol and dimethylsilane groups. Shaking the nanoparticles in oil and water made them pack together at the oil-water interface. According to Mann, the approach is simpler than chemical syntheses required to make artificial phospholipids, which are often used in artificial cell membranes. Nanoparticle-stabilised water droplets in oil A simple reaction to functionalise the surface of the nanoparticle-stabilised droplets prevents entrapped biomolecules escaping into the water around themOne of the key requirements for synthetic protocells is permeability - something that's proved difficult to perfect with lipids. In this respect, says Pasquale Stano, a synthetic biologist at the Roma Tre University in Rome, Italy, the new inorganic membranes offer an advantage. 'You can add material in the oil and it will slowly go through the interface formed by these silica particles,' he says. The researchers also show that their protocells can host functioning DNA, protein-making machinery and enzymes, and achieve impressive turnover rates for enzyme-catalysed reactions taking place in the pores. Perhaps most intriguing though, is Mann's suggestion that compartments similar to his nanoparticle-stabilised droplets could have formed the basis of early cells. 'Lipids and fatty acids may not have been available in the very early stages of pre-biotic organisation because of the complexity of their chemical synthesis,' says Mann. 'As a plausible alternative, inorganic-based mechanisms might have emerged to produce the membrane-bound compartments required for the origin of life. Our protocell model demonstrates how a very primitive system might occur, rather than saying this is how it did occur.' Primitive cells would have had to function in water, so the researchers also show that their protocells can be transferred into water from oil. 'It's a little bit tricky,' says Stano. 'But as a principle, the procedure they propose is good.' However, he thinks many people will disagree with Mann's origin of life scenario. Hayley Birch www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/July/07071101.aspskyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 7, 2011 4:37:09 GMT -5
Prisca Sapientia, Science in Cryptomnesia, Dissident and Heretical Natural Philosophy, Abiotic Hydrocarbon Origin, Infinite Oil, The Cold Mantle, Expansion Tectonics, Pacific Biogeography, Euclidean Geometry, Electric Universe, Electromagnetic Gravity, Colliding Worlds, The Birth of Venus, The Reversal of Retrograde Rotation, Catastrophism, Global Pyramids, Atlantis In Antarctica, Extreme Human Antiquity, Ancient Technology, Giants and Dragons, Alien Astronauts, & Intelligent Design
Orthogneiss: Inorganic Carbon [/b] oilismastery.blogspot.com/2008/06/orthogneiss-inorganic-carbon.html============================= inorganic carbon in dunaliella:Role of Carbonic-Anhydrase in Assimilation of Inorganic Carbon in Dunaliella-Salina Print E-mail Palmqvist K, Ramazanov ZM, Samuelsson G Role of Carbonic-Anhydrase in Assimilation of Inorganic Carbon in Dunaliella-Salina Soviet Plant Physiology: 1991 38:339-345 We studied changes in the rate of photosynthetic assimilation of inorganic carbon (C(i)) in relation to CO2 concentration by Dunaliella salina cells adapted to high (5%) and low (0.03%) concentrations of CO2. It is demonstrated that the rate of C(i) assimilation was higher in algae adapted to 0.03% CO2 than in culture adapted to 0.03% CO2. The period of adaptation of D. salina to low CO2 concentrations lasted 5-6 h, during which time activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) increased on the cell surface and inside cells. Soluble CA (sCA) was detected in D. salina, together with membrane-bound CA of cytoplasmic (cCA) and thylakoid (tCA) membranes. The effect of CA inhibitors - acetazolamide (AZA) and ethoxyzolamide (EZA) - on photosynthesis of D. salina cells was studied in the work. It turned out that EZA lowered the rate of O2 evolution in algae adapted to 5% CO2 and totally suppressed this process in algae adapted to 0.03% CO2. Acetazolamide lowered the photosynthetic rate only in algae adapted to 0.03% CO2. It is concluded that intracellular forms of CA are needed for functioning of the C1-concentration mechanism in algae adapted to conditions of carbon dioxide limitation of photosynthesis. The authors discuss the mechanisms of adaptation of D. salina to low CO2 concentrations and the role played by CA in this process. www.upsc.se/Publications/1991/role-of-carbonic-anhydrase-in-assimilation-of-inorganic-carbon-in-dunaliella-salina.html================================= Inorganic carbon acquisition by Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta) involves external carbonic anhydrase and direct HCO3- utilization insensitive to the anion exchange inhibitor DIDSA mechanism of bicarbonate uptake with a high sensitivity to the putative anion-exchange inhibitor 4,4 -diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2 -disulphonic acid (DIDS) has been previously reported in green algae. In this study, DIDS inhibited net oxygen evolution by Dunaliella tertiolecta by up to 22%, but internal pH regulation, intracellular CO2 accumulation, carbon fixation and affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIG) in Dunaliella tertiolecia showed low or insignificant sensitivity to DIDS. However, in cells grown and tested at pH 9.5, treatment with DIDS elevated the k(0.5)(HCO3-), suggesting there may be a minor role for a DIDS-sensitive anion-exchange-type HCO3- transporter in DIC acquisition by D. tertiolecta at high pH. In contrast, significant external carbonic anhydrase (CA(ext)) activity and up to 70% inhibition of DIG-dependent O-2 evolution by acetozolamide (AZ) suggest that CA(ext) has an important role in DIC acquisition in L). tertiolecta, in normal seawater conditions and at elevated pH. Furthermore, the rate of DIG-dependent photosynthesis at high pH, in the presence of AZ, was 12 times higher than the calculated uncatalysed rate of CO, supply from HCO3-. This requires some system for direct HCO3- uptake by D. tertiolecta, which may include a DIDS-insensitive mechanism. The effects of DIDS upon indirect measures of DIC acquisition should be interpreted cautiously as DIDS may have non-specific effects upon whole cell function, and affect ion transport processes not directly related to HCO3- uptake. Author-supplied keywords bicarbonatecarbon dioxide concentrating mechanismcarbonic anhydrasedunaliellainorganic carbon acquisition Related research 1. Carbonic anhydrase located on cell surface increases the affinity for inorganic carbon in photosynthesis of Dunaliella tertiolecta K Aizawa, S Miyachi in FEBS Letters (1984) 2. The Role of External Carbonic Anhydrase in Inorganic Carbon Acquisition by Chlamydomonas reinhardii at Alkaline pH 1 Timothy G Williams, David H Turpin in Plant Physiology (1987) 3. Effects of UV-B radiation on inorganic carbon acquisition by the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) J Beardall, P Heraud, S Roberts, K Shelly, S Stojkovic in Phycologia (2002) 4. External carbonic anhydrase and affinity for inorganic carbon in intertidal macroalgae Jesus M Mercado, F Javier L Gordillo, Felix L Figueroa, F Xavier Niell in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (1998) 5. Kinetic Studies on the Active Species of Inorganic Carbon Absorbed by the Cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta Katsunori Aizawa, Mikio Tsuzuki, Shigetoh Miyachi in Plant and Cell Physiology (1986) www.mendeley.com/research/inorganic-carbon-acquisition-dunaliella-tertiolecta-chlorophyta-involves-external-carbonic-anhydrase-direct-hco3-utilization-insensitive-anion-exchange-inhibitor-dids/anion exchanges.........? inorganic carbon is a hydrocarbon, I believe! skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 8, 2011 16:58:42 GMT -5
Lil sis, Evidence GMO foods and anything we consume now, alters expression of our genes.
Expression, not the gene itself, but the expression and that is what Epigenetics is about.You Are What You Eat: Genes From Food Found in BloodstreamScientists have discovered that genetic material from the food we consume can enter our bloodstream and affect the expression of genes. Micro RNA molecules found in food can bind with messenger RNA in our cells and alter our metabolism. From Discover: It’s only logical that what we eat has an effect on the expression of our genes, in the general sense that nutrients from food are involved in cellular processes that control and are controlled by gene expression. But this is an unusually direct route, and surprising from an organism that’s so different from mammals".......... www.bubblejam.net/brain/science/====================== Other physics news? Microwave? Cropping Up: Are Crop Circles Made With Microwaves?Crop circles are generally assumed to be the work of hoaxers rather than aliens. But some high-tech may be used in their creation as scientists suspect they are made using microwaves. From The Institute of Physics: Microwaves, Taylor suggests, could be used to make crop stalks fall over and cool in a horizontal position – a technique that could explain the speed and efficiency of the artists and the incredible detail that some crop circles exhibit. www.bubblejam.net/brain/science/=================================== skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 0:42:21 GMT -5
LIL SIS,
READ this article, I posted on the geoeng/bioeng/iron thread...... but applies to Dunaliella:my next post shows same finding but dunalellia is added????What the hay?Cuny involved there.....but same university Bingham........================================ Wonder what they are doing with this bacteria?news.softpedia.com/newsImage/Thousands-Year-Old-Bacteria-Revived-2.jpg/The microorganisms have been found inside salt crystals that still contained minute water droplets. They were extracted from sites in Death Valley and Saline Valley in California, Michigan, Kansas and Italy, the group reports. The idea of extracting microbes and other organisms from such droplets, called fluid inclusions, has been around for years, but until now experts did not know how to go about isolating them. Some fluid inclusions discovered over the years in various samples have been estimated to range in age from thousands to millions of years. Reviving them could provide hands-on capabilities of studying how the Earth looked like at that time. In turn, this could lead to a better understanding of how life appeared and developed on our planet, scientists believe. Bacteria and microbes are the most adaptable organisms on Earth, the experts say. news.softpedia.com/news/Thousands-Year-Old-Bacteria-Revived-169181.shtml=============================== Seem like affiliated with the chlorophyta dunaliella is what this is???
What they are finding in Death Valley........if these are in salt ?
=============================
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 0:47:08 GMT -5
Now, this article which puts Dunaliella as the bacteria: it is called a bacteria, a cholorphyta, and an alga. THERE IS SOME EXTREME DISINFORMATION GOING ON HERE. ========================================== A 90-m-long (100,000 year old) salt core from Death Valley, California, contains cells of the algal genus Dunaliella co-trapped with prokaryote cells in fluid inclusions in halite. It is hypothesized that Dunaliella cells provided glycerol, the carbon source needed by halophilic Archaea for survival over periods of tens of thousands of years. Support for this hypothesis includes: observations that intracellular materials leaked from Dunaliella cells into fluid inclusions; the distribution of Dunaliella cells in the Death Valley core, which matches the distribution of culturable prokaryotic cells; and halophilic Archaea cultured from the Death Valley core grew in media containing glycerol as the only carbon source.Keywords β-carotene, Dunaliella, Death Valley, fluid inclusions, glycerol, halite, Saline Valley, survivalwww.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/jahren/pdfs/Schubertetal2010GeomicrobiolJour.pdf========================================== this tells me that it just may be "inorganic carbon", not organic carbon, would be from under the "earth's mantle", like in dead sea, at bottom of sea floor. this glycerol, the oligonucleotides??? notice its connection to halite as well?? prokayotic cells (protist) archean (halite)SO..................... prokaryote, unicell, one celled, with flagella not an ALGA.....................alga, is red algae........... ============================ skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 1:03:12 GMT -5
Dead Sea: "There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that it lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "step-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence..."In times of flood, the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% salinity to 30% or lower. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of algae called Dunaliella. The Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea=========================
So, there is a (halobacteria)inside the alga. So we are dealing with symbiosis here, then, especially if a prokaryote is involved.
Now compare to Death Valley, Michigan Italy etc..........and that find of dunaliella.========================= www.jstor.org/pss/3224050same but somewhat different Binghamton Paper. www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/21/1/article/i1052-5173-21-1-4.htmseems the RED is from the BRINE........not the GREEN ALGA chloroplast dunaliella..................... Left: Mr Wolffia (foreground) and geologist Henry Ivey collected brine in Searles Lake. Mineral-rich brine is pumped to the large Kerr-McGee Chemical Plant in Trona, California where valuable minerals are recovered. The brine samples contained a homogeneous population of the green alga Dunaliella salina. Right: The shovel is stuck into saturated brine in Owens Lake containing red halobacteria. waynesword.palomar.edu/plsept98.htm===================================== Now we are talking two different things. The Dunaliella is GREEN algae the Halobacteria is RED which is an Archaean...........bacteria........ (wonder if it eats iron?)......................
It appears when dessertification takes place, when is dry, the dunaliella acts like "dead", but when it rains it comes to life?
Just like Morgellons, goes dormant, then comes to life when conditions are right.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS>>>>>>>>>>depends on temperature and water level..................or access to water..........
skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 1:20:44 GMT -5
So, what is the halobacterium in the brine that causes it to be red? The brine?
Oh my..........ties into what ms. Lily has been telling us!In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is About this sound Yām ha-Melaḥ (help·info), meaning " sea of salt" (Genesis 14:3). In prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות, "sea of death") is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life there.[6] In Arabic the Dead Sea is called About this sound al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info)[3] ("the Dead Sea"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ (بحر لوط, "the Sea of Lot"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Sea of Zoʼar", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης, hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs, "the Asphaltite[7] sea"). The Bible also refers to it as Yām ha-Mizraḥî (ים המזרחי, "the Eastern sea") and Yām ha-‘Ărāvâ (ים הערבה, "Sea of the Arabah").To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judean Hills rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite formation called "Mount Sodom".okay, we are getting to the brimstone, or phosphorus or halite? well then, what is the halite? Dead sea ecological disaster: 1960-2007 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead_sea_ecological_disaster_1960_-_2007.gifen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 1:37:55 GMT -5
Lil Sis and Ms. Lily, Aqt,
The Reddish color (carotene) is from Enter in the Bacteriorhodopsin........retinylene protein .............."retinylidene protein so far found only in the cell membranes of extremely halophilic rods, where it forms two-dimensional crystalline patches known as the purple membrane. It enables these cells to use light energy for ATP synthesis and other energy requiring processes ".............................Gas vacuoles that form in "sheets" those darn Beta sheets! Ed Ricketts died on the railroad tracts. some iron there?? He knew about BAJA as well...........Notice: this is Scripps..........======================= Walsby (27) observed flat, square bacteria in brine from a coastal sabkha at the western shore of the Gulf of Eilat. The location, geochemistry, and hydrodynamics of the sabkha have been described previously by Gavish (7). The cells had dimensions of 2 to 4 by 2 by 0.25 pum and contained gas vacuoles; they often occurred in the form of sheets comprising 4 to 16 cells or more. Their electron microscopic morphology has been described previously (10, 21, 22), con- firming the features seen in a light microscope and revealing a regular cell wall structure similar to that of rod-shaped halobacteria (1, 25). We examined several samples of brine from south- ern California and Baja California with a light microscope and found numerous morphological- ly identical square cells in the Baja brines. In addition to rods and coccoid forms, smaller, flat, angular cells without gas vacuoles were also seen in all brine samples. Spectroscopy of cells concentrated from the natural brines showed that in addition to the abundant carotenoids, which caused the reddish color of the brine, a bacteriorhodopsin-like pigment was present.Bacteriorhodopsin is a retinylidene protein sofar found only in the cell membranes of extremely halophilic rods, where it forms two-dimensional crystalline patches known as the purple membrane. It enables these cells to use light energy for ATP synthesis and other energyrequiring processes .
We have tried to isolate and grow Walsby's square cells in axenic culture. So far, we have obtained cell strains from three brine samples collected at the Red Sea sabkha (Sabkha Gavish; SG), a saltern at Guerrero Negro (GN), Baja California (Mexico), and a saltern at Chula Vista (CV) near San Diego, Calif. The morphologies of our isolates resemble those of Halobacterium volcanii, but our isolates are apparently less pleomorphic. H. volcanii under optimal growth conditions has been described as disk shaped but with variations in individual cells ranging from round to oval, square, rectangular, triangular, and often bent into cup shape. Although most of the properties of H. volcanii, e.g., amino acid composition, cell wall structure, and lipids, are similar to those of the most studied extremely halophilic rods, its NaCl requirement is lower and its MgCl2 tolerance higher, which is not surprising since it has been isolated from the Dead Sea [/b](19). Cup- and disk-shaped cells have also been described as the dominant morphological species in the surface water of the Dead Sea (9). Other strains with the same or a very similar morphology have recently been isolated from the Dead Sea (A.Oren and M. Shilo, personal communication) and from the SG (Y. Cohen, personal communication). The new isolates apparently are capable of photophosphorylation and can use light energy to generate an electrochemical proton gradient.Spectroscopically, we have not found any chlorophyll but rather a bacteriorhodopsin-like pigment, which appears to be the light energy converter. These tentative conclusions certainly need further experimental corroboration; however, the observations are so strikingly similar to the results obtained with H. halobium that we may assume the existence of a similar photosynthetic system. This makes the small differences observed most interesting. We have not found any purple membrane in the new isolates; the bacteriorhodopsin-like pigment is apparently present in relatively low concentrations and dispersed as monomers or small aggregates over the cell membrane. There are indications that in H. halobium, in addition to bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane, a similarly dispersed component may also be present. However, it is not readily observed there because the much higher concentration of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane patches masks its presence (23). Our isolates may help to determine the physiological role of the dispersed pigment. We have detected small differences in flash spectra between bacteriorhodopsin and the new pigment(s). This may indicate that we are dealing with slightly different pigments. However, the reversal of the light-induced pH response when an uncoupler is added and the inhibition of that response by nonactin indicate the presence of P588 (halorhodopsin) or a similar pigment. P588 also undergoes a photoreaction cycle (28), and if both pigments are present in comparable concentrations, the transient absorbance changes would show a mixture of both. The new isolates, therefore, may contain the same two pigments, but with less of the bacteriorhodopsin component than does H. halobium. The distinct flat and angular shape of the new isolates distinguishes them from other procaryotes. We have proposed in our earlier paper that such box-shaped procaryotes should be named arcula (Latin for a small box). In the meantime, Walsby (21) has proposed quadra for the large square cells that he first observed and that we believe are different from the isolates described here. We therefore withdraw our earlier suggestion. However, should further characterization of our isolates show that a new genus is required, we now propose to name the strain isolated from SG Haloarcula sinaiiensis and the strain from GN Haloarcula californiae. Preliminary results from restriction enzyme cleavage patterns of the DNA indicate that the GN and CV strains are closely related or identical, whereas the Red Sea strain, SG, is distinctly different (F. Pfeifer, personal communication). The 5s RNA cleavage pattern from the GN isolate is nearly identical to those of Halobacterium vallismortis (ATCC 29715) and Halobacte- rium marismortui (the Ginzburg strain) but distinctly different from those of H. cutirubrum and Halobacterium morrhuae, consistent with the placement in a separate genus (D. E. Nicholson and G. E. Fox, personal communication). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC220435/pdf/jbacter00256-0474.pdfNo mention of dunaliella, because they are prokaryotes, the one celled, so they may have missed it altogether!
Part of the Cohen/Boyer patent? yup, I bet.So, it may have not been bacteriorhodopsin, the purple membrane protein, but this H. volcanii........ Haloferax volcanii: en.citizendium.org/wiki/halobacterium_volcaniiHaloferax volcanii in particular resides largely in the bottom sediment of the Dead Sea (and is the predominant organism there), and are distinct from other organisms in their class in a few ways.[2] H. voclanii has a certain halophilic enzyme that provides for a unique chemical nature of its surface. This protein has highly negative charges that make it soluble to their environemnt and thus better able to withstand drastic changes, such as salt levels twice as high as other halophilic bacteria.[3] H. volcanii are presumed to have been among the first living organisms on Earth when environmental conditions were much harsher than they are today. Though this is still highly debated, such a notion would correlate with the suggestion that H. volcanii may be present on and able to withstand the harsh conditions of Mars.[1] Along with their ability to withstand harsh conditions is H. volcanii’s extensive ability to carry out DNA repair. H. volcanii are also the first kind of archaeon to show horizontal gene transfer involving phage-mediated transduction, assimilation of naked DNA, and conjugation, demonstrating the importance and implications of surface proteins.[3] en.citizendium.org/wiki/halobacterium_volcanii---------------------------------------------------- oh my, don't ya think partners, that haloferax volcanii,...well they certainly hid that one. skyship
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 2:30:00 GMT -5
Haloferax volcanii and dunaliella and channel rhodopsin ChR2.
When I see this, it makes me wonder LIL SIS!img440.imageshack.us/img440/3492/armsore4bu0.jpg Remember Channel rhodopsin? ChR2ChR2 Naturally occurring light-activated cation channel is opened upon exposure to blue light. Depolarizing 480 nm blue light readily achievable in fast- spiking cellsNot needed for mammalian cells; non-mammalian systems may require added all- trans-retinalGenetically targetable Channelrhodopsin-2 and optical control of excitable cellsElectrically excitable cells are important in the normal functioning and in the pathophysiology of many biological processes. These cells are typically embedded in dense, heterogeneous tissues, rendering them difficult to target selectively with conventional electrical stimulation methods. The algal protein Channelrhodopsin-2 offers a new and promising solution by permitting minimally invasive, genetically targeted and temporally precise photostimulation. Here we explore technological issues relevant to the temporal precision, spatial targeting and physiological implementation of ChR2, in the context of other photostimulation approaches to optical control of excitable cells. www.stanford.edu/group/dlab/papers/Zhang%20Nat%20Methods%202006.pdf================================================= SO>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Dunaliella is a Eukara.....................eukarote...........============================ The world of halophilic microorganisms is highly diverse. Microbes adapted to life at high salt concentrations are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. In some ecosystems salt-loving microorganisms live in such large numbers that their presence can be recognized without the need for a microscope. The brines of saltern crystallizer ponds worldwide are colored pink-red by Archaea (Haloquadratum and other representatives of the Halobacteriales), Bacteria (Salinibacter), and Eucarya (Dunaliella salina).aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/76/21/6971===================================== It is when the three come together, the cell is formed???so halobacterium, (Haloquadratum or the haloferax volcanii?) salinibacter, and dunaliella
HOT DIGGITY DOG!
Here is where bacteria and archaea come together!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!======================== The genome of Salinibacter ruber: Convergence and gene exchange among hyperhalophilic bacteria and archaea Abstract Saturated thalassic brines are among the most physically demanding habitats on Earth: few microbes survive in them. Salinibacter ruber is among these organisms and has been found repeatedly in significant numbers in climax saltern crystallizer communities. The phenotype of this bacterium is remarkably similar to that of the hyperhalophilic Archaea (Haloarchaea). The genome sequence suggests that this resemblance has arisen through convergence at the physiological level (different genes producing similar overall phenotype) and the molecular level (independent mutations yielding similar sequences or structures). Several genes and gene clusters also derive by lateral transfer from (or may have been laterally transferred to) haloarchaea. S. ruber encodes four rhodopsins. One resembles bacterial proteorhodopsins and three are of the haloarchaeal type, previously uncharacterized in a bacterial genome. The impact of these modular adaptive elements on the cell biology and ecology of S. ruber is substantial, affecting salt adaptation, bioenergetics, and photobiology. * halophile * lateral gene transfer * convergence * prokaryotic evolution * rhodopsins The closest cultivated relative of S. ruber (henceforth Salinibacter) is Rhodothermus marinus (89% 16S rRNA sequence similarity), a slightly halophilic thermophile isolated from marine hot springs (2). Salinibacter displays many remarkable similarities to haloarchaea, one being a very high concentration of potassium in the cytoplasm (3). This property is associated, as in haloarchaea, with a high content of acidic amino acids and a low content of hydrophobic residues in bulk protein, necessary for protein solubility at such high ionic strength (4). Cell integrity requires high salt concentrations in both cases, and growth only occurs at >2 M NaCl. Both Salinibacter and the haloarchaea are aerobic heterotrophs that exploit the large stock of organic nutrients produced in previous stages of seawater concentration, mostly by the green alga Dunaliella, and they use a similar range of organic compounds as carbon and energy sources (5). Like haloarchaea, Salinibacter contains a high proportion of carotenoids in its membrane, producing red colonies of similar appearance (2). However, the pigment found in Salinibacter (salinixanthin) is a C-40 acyl glycoside carotenoid chemically related to the carotenoids found in R. marinus rather than the C-50 bacterioruberins known from haloarchaea (6). The common features of Salinibacter and haloarchaea could have arisen through convergence at the physiological level (different genes producing similar overall phenotype, as in the above-mentioned case of membrane carotenoids) or the molecular level (independent mutations yielding similar sequences or structures). Alternatively, genes may have been shared by lateral gene transfer (LGT) between ancestors of these hyperhalophiles, which we here define as organisms for whom saturated brines, containing >5 M NaCl, are a natural habitat. Rhodopsins and Retinal. The discovery of the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin in the haloarchaea Halobacterium salinarum in the early 1970s launched a new fruitful field of bioenergetics and biophysics, and this protein and its relatives were seen as a defining invention of the archaea (30). More recently, rhodopsin-based photobiology has been found in other groups of prokaryotes (31, 32) and in unicellular eukaryotes (33, 34). The possibility that Salinibacter might also have rhodopsin genes, derived from the haloarchaea with which it lives, was one of the initial motivations behind the present work. Indeed, like Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 and Haloarcula marismortui, and unlike any other characterized bacterium, Salinibacter contains four rhodopsin genes (Fig. 4A ). Salinibacter has adapted to hypersalinity in three general ways. First, Salinibacter must have modified the sequences of many of its proteins. Whole and partial proteome studies of haloarchaea show that these hyperhalophilic organisms have accommodated high internal ionic strength by replacing neutral amino acids with acidic ones (44). This situation must also be the case for Salinibacter because an acidic proteome is not a property of its relatives among the Bacteroides/Chlorobi group (Fig. 2). Although some genes imported from haloarchaea may have produced proteins already adapted in this way, these comprise only a fraction of Salinibacter's genes. A comparative study of orthologous proteins in Salinibacter and haloarchaea and their closest nonhalophilic relatives should tell us much about convergent evolution at the level of protein structure. Second, Salinibacter exhibits many cases of convergence at the level of physiology, in which proteins from different sources or with different original functions have been recruited to create a complex adaptation to hypersaline life that parallels a structure, pathway or behavior already known from haloarchaea. The mix-and-match of genes of haloarchaeal and bacterial origin in the postulated phototaxis system will likely provide a good example of analogous complex collective functions served by nonhomologous component parts. The recent discovery that xanthorhodopsin (Salinibacter's proteorhodopsin-like SRU_1500) functions in a light-harvesting complex with salinixanthin similarly provides a striking analogy with chlorophyll-based light-harvesting systems (39). Third, some adaptations common among halophilic organisms have been passed between them by LGT. The rhodopsins shared by Salinibacter and the haloarchaea may be the best case in point. www.pnas.org/content/102/50/18147.fullI remember both Woese and Margulis were looking for the convergence cell, one was looking at the silicon and the other in the brackish waters, between salt and fresh water and land. That black matter. They were looking for a protoctist........or protist......... mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm There is a convergent cell..............Devo Evos were looking for. mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Oct 10, 2011 3:32:54 GMT -5
I heard mention of the mariner in the leishmanis virus? or protozoan eugleonid? Mariner Sails into Leishmania Summary Daniel L. Hartl Transposons are bits of DNA that can move from place to place in the genomes of plants and animals. The wide-ranging transposon mariner is found in many different animals, and in this issue Gueiros-Filho and Beverley show that, given the right circumstances, it can also move into the genome of Leishmania, the cause of a deadly disease in the tropics. In his Perspective, Hartl explains the features of this transposable element and how the ability to move it into the Leishmania genome will increase the tools available in the search for a treatment for this pathogen. www.sciencemag.org/content/276/5319/1659.summaryThat would be the mariner transposon: well, will work on that later. Skyship
|
|