Post by skyship on Mar 25, 2013 20:58:42 GMT -5
Origin of replication? a definition:
=========
"The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.[1] This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses.
DNA replication may proceed from this point bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
The specific structure of the origin of replication varies somewhat from species to species, but all share some common characteristics such as high AT content. The origin of replication binds the pre-replication complex, a protein complex that recognizes, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA.".........
Types
The two types of replication origin are:
Narrow or broad host range
High- or low-copy number
There are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication:
Bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.[2]
Archaea have a single circular molecule of DNA, and several origins of replication along this circular chromosome.[3]
Eukaryotes often have multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome that initiate at different times (replication timing), with up to 100,000 present in a single human cell.[4] Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. The segment of DNA that is copied starting from each unique replication origin is called a replicon.
Origins of replication are typically assigned names containing ori.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication
=================
Proteins:
The word "protein" was coined by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1838. For the previous 150 years, however, there had been the concept of an "animal substance," slight variants of which were thought to make up muscles, skin, and blood. In each form the substance was initially believed to be gluey. But it turned into hard, hornlike material when heated and became foul-smelling when kept under moist, warm conditions, giving off an alkaline vapor. This contrasted with the properties of starch and sugar and most whole plants that went to acid during damp, warm storage.
For people interested in nutrition, the obvious question was: "How does the animal kingdom, which as a whole lives on the plant kingdom, convert what it eats into the apparently very different animal substance?" Humans were, of course, included in the animal kingdom and assumed to have essentially the same nutritional system as animals. Some eighteenth-century discoveries threw light on the problem.
In 1728, the Italian scholar Jacopo Beccari announced that he had discovered the presence of a material with all the characteristics of "animal substance" in white wheat flour.
more: www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/proteins.htm
=================
Now where do Telechelic Proteins fit in here?
Origin of telechelic proteins: Engineered, Biometric protein hydrogels.
tinyurl.com/c4pqmbj
==========
First: The Problem of the Origin of Proteins
So much for the cell, but evolution fails even to account for the building-blocks of a cell. The formation, under natural conditions, of just one single protein out of the thousands of complex protein molecules making up the cell is impossible.
Proteins are giant molecules consisting of smaller units called amino acids that are arranged in a particular sequence in certain quantities and structures. These units constitute the building blocks of a living protein. The simplest protein is composed of 50 amino acids, but there are some that contain thousands.
The crucial point is this. The absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid in the structure of a protein causes the protein to become a useless molecular heap. Every amino acid has to be in the right place and in the right order. The theory of evolution, which claims that life emerged as a result of chance, is quite helpless in the face of this order, since it is too wondrous to be explained by coincidence. (Furthermore, the theory cannot even substantiate the claim of the accidental formation of amino acids, as will be discussed later.)......
www.darwinismrefuted.com/molecular_biology_03.html
============
Engineered Telechelics? since they cannot form by themselves.
the Big Question would be: Can an Engineered Telechelic Protein (polymer) become spontaneous?
============
How were they engineered?
===========
Now this is beginning to make sense, Telechelic proteins.
" Physical properties of artificial extracellular matrix protein hydrogels prepared by thiol-maleimide chemistry
Zhang, Wenbin; Tirrell, David
American Physical Society, APS March Meeting 2013, March 18-22, 2013, abstract #C31.004
Using genetic engineering methods, telechelic proteins were designed from elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units and biosynthesized in E. coli. The telechelic proteins bear terminal thiols could either undergo chain-extension with bis-maleimide-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (MAL-PEG-MAL) or crosslinking with tetrakis-maleimide-functionalized 4-arm star PEG (star-PEG-MAL). The latter leads to protein-based hydrogels that are transparent, uniform, and highly extensible. The reaction kinetics ranges from several minutes to a few hours depending on the free-thiol content and the protein weight percentage. The mechanical properties of the gel depend on the protein content and the cross-linker concentration. It is also possible to further tune the mechanical properties by using a mixture of MAL-PEG-MAL and star-PEG-MAL for crosslinking. The water contents of the hydrogels are high, especially after swelling. The results suggest its promising application for cell encapsulation and 3D cell culture in tissue engineering. '
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MARC31004Z
So we are talking Artificial proteins.
telechelic proteins were designed from elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units and biosynthesized in E. coli.
"elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units".....
What they are:
==============
"Telechelic Polymers (Macromers) (Macromonomers)
"A telechelic polymer or oligomer is a prepolymer capable of entering into further polymerization or other reactions through its reactive end-groups[1]. It can be used for example to synthesize block copolymers. By definition, a telechelic polymer is a di-end-functional polymer where both ends possess the same functionality. Where the chain-ends of the polymer are not of the same functionality they are termed di-end-functional polymers. " (Wikipedia, Telechelic Polymers, 1/18/2011)
Telechelic polymers are macromolecules with two reactive end groups and are used as cross-linkers, chain extenders, and important building blocks for various macromolecular structures, including block and graft copolymers, star, hyperbranched or dendritic polymers. (Tasdelen, Kahveci and Yagci, Prog Polym. Sci., 36 #4, 455-567 (2011)
Acrylic Macromers
Compounding
Polybutadiene Macromers
Polystyrene (PS) Telechelic Polymers
Protein Macromers
Vegetable Oil Macromers"
Telechelic polymers by living and controlled/living polymerization methods Review Article
(455-567) Progress in Polymer Science 36 #4 (2011)
Tasdelen, Kahveci and Yagci of the Istanbul Technical University, Turkey reviews the preparation of Telechelic polymers, defined as macromolecules that contain two reactive end groups, are used as cross-linkers, chain extenders, and important building blocks for various macromolecular structures, including block and graft copolymers, star, hyperbranched or dendritic polymers. This review article describes the general techniques for the preparation of telechelic polymers by living and controlled/living polymerization methods; namely atom transfer radical polymerization, nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, iniferters, iodine transfer polymerization, cobalt mediated radical polymerization, organotellurium-, organostibine-, organobismuthine-mediated living radical polymerization, living anionic polymerization, living cationic polymerization, and ring opening metathesis polymerization. The efficient click reactions for the synthesis of telechelic polymers are also presented. (RDC 2/9/2011)
www.4spe.org/plastics-encyclopedia/telechelic-polymers-macromers-macromonomers
================================
so these are made from macromonomers creating macromolecules.
So, these become living polymer in human skin or inside the body.
I have found these, and they have points of contact on the ends, These can stretch, like elastin etc. to fulfill purpose in the Extracellular Matrix. This is like a monitoring system in the body. However, chemicals can change the ends depending on which part of the matrix it will attach to.
Purpose of them in the human body?
=========
"The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.[1] This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses.
DNA replication may proceed from this point bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
The specific structure of the origin of replication varies somewhat from species to species, but all share some common characteristics such as high AT content. The origin of replication binds the pre-replication complex, a protein complex that recognizes, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA.".........
Types
The two types of replication origin are:
Narrow or broad host range
High- or low-copy number
There are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication:
Bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.[2]
Archaea have a single circular molecule of DNA, and several origins of replication along this circular chromosome.[3]
Eukaryotes often have multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome that initiate at different times (replication timing), with up to 100,000 present in a single human cell.[4] Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. The segment of DNA that is copied starting from each unique replication origin is called a replicon.
Origins of replication are typically assigned names containing ori.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication
=================
Proteins:
The word "protein" was coined by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1838. For the previous 150 years, however, there had been the concept of an "animal substance," slight variants of which were thought to make up muscles, skin, and blood. In each form the substance was initially believed to be gluey. But it turned into hard, hornlike material when heated and became foul-smelling when kept under moist, warm conditions, giving off an alkaline vapor. This contrasted with the properties of starch and sugar and most whole plants that went to acid during damp, warm storage.
For people interested in nutrition, the obvious question was: "How does the animal kingdom, which as a whole lives on the plant kingdom, convert what it eats into the apparently very different animal substance?" Humans were, of course, included in the animal kingdom and assumed to have essentially the same nutritional system as animals. Some eighteenth-century discoveries threw light on the problem.
In 1728, the Italian scholar Jacopo Beccari announced that he had discovered the presence of a material with all the characteristics of "animal substance" in white wheat flour.
more: www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/proteins.htm
=================
Now where do Telechelic Proteins fit in here?
Origin of telechelic proteins: Engineered, Biometric protein hydrogels.
tinyurl.com/c4pqmbj
==========
First: The Problem of the Origin of Proteins
So much for the cell, but evolution fails even to account for the building-blocks of a cell. The formation, under natural conditions, of just one single protein out of the thousands of complex protein molecules making up the cell is impossible.
Proteins are giant molecules consisting of smaller units called amino acids that are arranged in a particular sequence in certain quantities and structures. These units constitute the building blocks of a living protein. The simplest protein is composed of 50 amino acids, but there are some that contain thousands.
The crucial point is this. The absence, addition, or replacement of a single amino acid in the structure of a protein causes the protein to become a useless molecular heap. Every amino acid has to be in the right place and in the right order. The theory of evolution, which claims that life emerged as a result of chance, is quite helpless in the face of this order, since it is too wondrous to be explained by coincidence. (Furthermore, the theory cannot even substantiate the claim of the accidental formation of amino acids, as will be discussed later.)......
www.darwinismrefuted.com/molecular_biology_03.html
============
Engineered Telechelics? since they cannot form by themselves.
the Big Question would be: Can an Engineered Telechelic Protein (polymer) become spontaneous?
============
How were they engineered?
===========
Now this is beginning to make sense, Telechelic proteins.
" Physical properties of artificial extracellular matrix protein hydrogels prepared by thiol-maleimide chemistry
Zhang, Wenbin; Tirrell, David
American Physical Society, APS March Meeting 2013, March 18-22, 2013, abstract #C31.004
Using genetic engineering methods, telechelic proteins were designed from elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units and biosynthesized in E. coli. The telechelic proteins bear terminal thiols could either undergo chain-extension with bis-maleimide-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (MAL-PEG-MAL) or crosslinking with tetrakis-maleimide-functionalized 4-arm star PEG (star-PEG-MAL). The latter leads to protein-based hydrogels that are transparent, uniform, and highly extensible. The reaction kinetics ranges from several minutes to a few hours depending on the free-thiol content and the protein weight percentage. The mechanical properties of the gel depend on the protein content and the cross-linker concentration. It is also possible to further tune the mechanical properties by using a mixture of MAL-PEG-MAL and star-PEG-MAL for crosslinking. The water contents of the hydrogels are high, especially after swelling. The results suggest its promising application for cell encapsulation and 3D cell culture in tissue engineering. '
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..MARC31004Z
So we are talking Artificial proteins.
telechelic proteins were designed from elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units and biosynthesized in E. coli.
"elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units".....
What they are:
==============
"Telechelic Polymers (Macromers) (Macromonomers)
"A telechelic polymer or oligomer is a prepolymer capable of entering into further polymerization or other reactions through its reactive end-groups[1]. It can be used for example to synthesize block copolymers. By definition, a telechelic polymer is a di-end-functional polymer where both ends possess the same functionality. Where the chain-ends of the polymer are not of the same functionality they are termed di-end-functional polymers. " (Wikipedia, Telechelic Polymers, 1/18/2011)
Telechelic polymers are macromolecules with two reactive end groups and are used as cross-linkers, chain extenders, and important building blocks for various macromolecular structures, including block and graft copolymers, star, hyperbranched or dendritic polymers. (Tasdelen, Kahveci and Yagci, Prog Polym. Sci., 36 #4, 455-567 (2011)
Acrylic Macromers
Compounding
Polybutadiene Macromers
Polystyrene (PS) Telechelic Polymers
Protein Macromers
Vegetable Oil Macromers"
Telechelic polymers by living and controlled/living polymerization methods Review Article
(455-567) Progress in Polymer Science 36 #4 (2011)
Tasdelen, Kahveci and Yagci of the Istanbul Technical University, Turkey reviews the preparation of Telechelic polymers, defined as macromolecules that contain two reactive end groups, are used as cross-linkers, chain extenders, and important building blocks for various macromolecular structures, including block and graft copolymers, star, hyperbranched or dendritic polymers. This review article describes the general techniques for the preparation of telechelic polymers by living and controlled/living polymerization methods; namely atom transfer radical polymerization, nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, iniferters, iodine transfer polymerization, cobalt mediated radical polymerization, organotellurium-, organostibine-, organobismuthine-mediated living radical polymerization, living anionic polymerization, living cationic polymerization, and ring opening metathesis polymerization. The efficient click reactions for the synthesis of telechelic polymers are also presented. (RDC 2/9/2011)
www.4spe.org/plastics-encyclopedia/telechelic-polymers-macromers-macromonomers
================================
so these are made from macromonomers creating macromolecules.
So, these become living polymer in human skin or inside the body.
I have found these, and they have points of contact on the ends, These can stretch, like elastin etc. to fulfill purpose in the Extracellular Matrix. This is like a monitoring system in the body. However, chemicals can change the ends depending on which part of the matrix it will attach to.
Purpose of them in the human body?