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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 0:31:15 GMT -5
The name Buckminsterfullerene comes from the architect Buckminster Fuller who invented the geodesic dome. This is a dome composed of interlocking hexagons or pentagons. The C60 has a similar geometric construction. The Buckminsterfullerene is often shortened to the term ‘Buckyball’. This description is a bit inaccurate when it comes to describing Buckminsterfullerenes that are in a tube shape. Usually, C60 molecules are called fullerenes and those that are spherical are called Buckminsterfullerenes or Buckyballs.The Buckyball was first discovered in 1985 by Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O’Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley at Rice University. Kroto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Excitement was soon created by the discovery that the Buckminsterfullerene is the largest matter to exhibit wave-particle duality. Making BuckyballsThe challenge after discovering the new allotrope of carbon was to find a way to make it easily. A system was devised in 1990 by W. Krätchmer and D. R. Huffman. In this process carbon soot is produced from two graphite electrodes by creating an arc discharge between them in the medium of helium. The soot is collected and dissolved in organic solvents. This produces a solution that is 75% C60. The final process is chromatography. The Structure of BuckyballsThe Buckyball is a truncated icosahedron with 60 vertices and 32 faces. This is composed of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. The easiest way to visualize the structure is to think of a modern soccer ball. The diameter of a Buckyball is about 1.01 nanometers (a nanometer is a millionth of a meter).
There are two types of bond in the structure: 6:6 bonds between hexagons and 6:5 bonds between hexagons and pentagons. Each carbon atom is bonded covalently with 3 others. PropertiesThe great thing about the Buckminsterfullerene or any C60 molecule is that it is very stable. It can withstand high temperatures and pressures. It can react with other compounds and maintain its spherical shape. The hollow structure is able to ‘trap’ other atoms and molecules. It is possible to substitute one carbon atom for nitrogen or boron to make C59N or C59B respectively. As a solid, C60 is soft like graphite but when compressed it becomes hard and is known as an aggregated diamond nanorod. As with graphite, C60 is a semiconductor............" NanotechnologyPerhaps the greatest contribution the discovery of the Buckminsterfullerene has been conceptual. It is small, stable as a sphere or tube and can be viewed as a building block. This has started a massive groundswell among scientists about the possibilities of building from the atomic level up structures, or nanostructures to perform all types of purposes. This is essentially the paradigm behind nanotechnology. It gives us almost god-like abilities to alter nature at a fundamental level." www.carbonscience.net/buckyball/================ Now, would you say this came from "alien technology" and we reversed it? the so called "reverse engineering"? Well, seems ole Bucky knew what it was, as did those who could mimic it, using "soot" Are the buckyballs found in space, the same as those created on earth? I do not think so~! So, whose idea was it to use these? To actually find tools to build them? Who are the real engineers? Skyship
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 0:34:50 GMT -5
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 0:57:04 GMT -5
Tubes are rolled up, like prions unfolding and folding proteins? or fullerene liposomes? They are called "Buckysomes" taking the place of liposomes? As described here. "Self assembly of amphiphilic C60 fullerene derivatives into nanoscale supramolecular structures www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/5/1/6#IDAZTX0LThe amphiphilic fullerene monomer (AF-1) consists of a "buckyball" cage to which a Newkome-like dendrimer unit and five lipophilic C12 chains positioned octahedrally to the dendrimer unit are attached. In this study, we report a novel fullerene-based liposome termed 'buckysome' that is water soluble and forms stable spherical nanometer sized vesicles. Nanotherapeutics has become an increasingly important field of research, along with the design and development of novel multifunctional carrier vectors such as nanoparticles, lipoproteins, micelles, dendrimers, nanoshells, functionalized nanotubes and polymeric microspheres. Over the past 25 years, conventional phospholipid-based liposomes have been utilized for a variety of biomedical applications ranging from targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, gene therapy to biosensors. Structural dynamics of the bilayers that constitute liposomal vesicles has been well studied and today, a number of commercially available liposomes are readily used in healthcare applications. in recent years, many other functional artificial nanostructures such as polymeric micelles have been synthesized that offer an alternative choice to phospholipid based liposomes. Carbon-based nanoparticles such as functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and modified C60 fullerenes have been the subject of great interest in the last decade because of their potential use in materials, electronics, and, most recently, biological systems.Water insoluble fullerene lipid membranes have been designed and well characterized by other groups. These amphifullerene nanostructures, based on a C60 core, contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties and self-assemble to form spherical vesicles referred to as "buckysomes".The fullerene core along with the attached moieties determine the self-assembly process that leads to the formation of different nanostructures. www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/figures/1477-3155-5-6-4.gifFullerenes functionalized with different ionic groups have been shown to form aggregates, extended nanotubes, spheres, and vesicles. Jeany" lymebusters.proboards.com/thread/12802?page=16==============================
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 1:36:56 GMT -5
So, where did these buckyball engineers gain this knowledge? Apart from making architectural history, the dome also made it into the science textbooks. Three chemists, Robert F. Curl, Sir Harold W. Kroto, and Richard E. Smalley, found out that the sixty carbon atoms of the C60-molecule are arranged in space like a polyhedron with 32 faces: 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. The molecule was more than just reminiscent of the geodesic dome. Obviously nature, like Buckminster Fuller, sought the most efficient way to build a strong and stable molecule and hit upon Bucky’s dome. The identification of the C60-molecule’s shape won the three professors the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996. In Bucky’s honor they named the C60-molecule the Buckminsterfullerene, or Buckyball for short. Colleagues protested against the impossibly long name but Curl, Kroto, and Smalley defended their choice with the ingenious argument that the name’s 20 letters corresponded exactly to the 20 sides of an icosahedron. Furthermore, they claimed, no other name evokes the properties of lightness and strength of the molecules like Buckminster Fuller’s does. All even-number carbon cluster-cage molecules are now called Fullerenes. Science magazine, the official publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, voted the Buckminsterfullerene “Molecule of the Year” in 1991, and commercialization of Fullerenes immediately went into high gear. In the four years preceding the Nobel prize, between 1992 and 1996 alone, 150 patents were taken out for some application of Fullerenes or another. U.S. patent 5,580,612, for example, describes an obviously very useful “process for the production of layer element containing at least one monomolecular layer of an amphiphilic molecule and one fullerene”. www.georgeszpiro.com/index.asp?page=kepler/chapter10.htm============
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 16:34:27 GMT -5
One method of making C60 molecules is this as stated above:in my first link: " A system was devised in 1990 by W. Krätchmer and D. R. Huffman. In this process carbon soot is produced from two graphite electrodes by creating an arc discharge between them in the medium of helium. The soot is collected and dissolved in organic solvents. This produces a solution that is 75% C60. "......... =========================================================================================== ............"There are a number of methods of making carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes. Fullerenes were first observed after vaporizing graphite with a short-pulse, high-power laser, however this was not a practical method for making large quantities. CNTs have probably been around for a lot longer than was first realized, and may have been made during various carbon combustion and vapor deposition processes, but electron microscopy at that time was not advanced enough to distinguish them from other types of tubes. The first method for producing CNTs and fullerenes in reasonable quantities – was by applying an electric current across two carbonaceous electrodes in an inert gas atmosphere. This method is called plasma arcing. It involves the evaporation of one electrode as cations followed by deposition at the other electrode. This plasma-based process is analogous to the more familiar electroplating process in a liquid medium. Fullerenes and CNTs are formed by plasma arcing of carbonaceous materials, particularly graphite. The fullerenes appear in the soot that is formed, while the CNTs are deposited on the opposing electrode.This second method involves cobalt:....."Another method of nanotube synthesis involves plasma arcing in the presence of cobalt with a 3% or greater concentration. As noted above, the nanotube product is a compact cathode deposit of rod like morphology. However when cobalt is added as a catalyst, the nature of the product changes to a web, with strands of 1mm or so thickness that stretch from the cathode to the walls of the reaction vessel. The mechanism by which cobalt changes this process is unclear, however one possibility is that such metals affect the local electric fields and hence the formation of the five-membered rings. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)]"........... The different methods of producing these CNTs are described below:Arc method Laser method Chemical Vapor deposition Ball milling and CNTs can also be produced by Diffusion flame synthesis, Electrolysis, Use of solar energy, Heat treatment of a polymer, and Low-temperature solid pyrolysis. www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1561But, it is the C60 and cobalt introduction that makes the WEBS....when cobalt is added as catalyst, it changes to a web"........ So, is our carbon being changed to this new carbon? And does cobalt if added cause a disturbing effect? Causing the webs? or the radical nanotubes that somehow are combined with a polymer?
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 17:18:16 GMT -5
well lets wade into this: "Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies (Google eBook) Front Cover Mick Wilson, Kamali Kannangara, Geoff Smith, Michelle Simmons, Burkhard Raguse 2 Reviews CRC Press, Jun 27, 2002 - Technology & Engineering - 290 pages The emergence of nanoscience portends a revolution in technology that will soon impact virtually every facet of our technological lives. Yet there is little understanding of what it is among the educated public and often among scientists and engineers in other disciplines. Furthermore, despite the emergence of undergraduate courses on the subject, no basic textbooks exist. Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies bridges the gap between detailed technical publications that are beyond the grasp of nonspecialists and popular science books, which may be more science fiction than fact. It provides a fascinating, scientifically sound treatment, accessible to engineers and scientists outside the field and even to students at the undergraduate level. After a basic introduction to the field, the authors explore topics that include molecular nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanopowders, nanoelectronics, optics and photonics, and nanobiometrics. The book concludes with a look at some cutting-edge applications and prophecies for the future. Nanoscience will bring to the world technologies that today we can only imagine and others of which we have not yet dreamt. This book lays the groundwork for that future by introducing the subject to those outside the field, sparking the imaginations of tomorrow's scientists, and challenging them all to participate in the advances that will bring nanotechnology's potential to fruition."...... books.google.com/books/about/Nanotechnology.html?id=sH3t9xhVPVUC========== Lets picture this first: some pages: books.google.com/books?id=sH3t9xhVPVUC&pg=PA142-IA4&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 17:29:40 GMT -5
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Post by skyship on Jun 29, 2013 18:09:24 GMT -5
On page 142 last image was of DNA contact with the "carbon nanotubes" CNTs
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Post by kerness on Mar 26, 2019 4:05:42 GMT -5
fullerene is a hollow spherical shaped carbon molecule, whose existence was predicted by Japanese scientist Eiji Osawa. The actual molecule was discovered in 1985. In 1991 researchers in the United States discovered that fullerenes could become superconductive when treated with alkali metals.
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Post by novarras on Mar 27, 2019 7:35:20 GMT -5
Fullerenes is popular nanomaterial in biology. To buy C 60 fullerenes you can only in special places like mtsnano laboratory here mstnano.com/products/fullerenes/ Fullerenes are known as a closed-type spherical or spheroidal molecule C60, C70, C76, C84, where all carbon atoms are situated at the vertices of regular hexagons and pentagons, covering its surface.
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