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Post by kammy on Dec 14, 2010 13:34:04 GMT -5
Search criteria - 'what are Reactive oxygen species?' en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically-reactive molecules containing oxygen. Examples include oxygen ions and peroxides. Reactive oxygen species are highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired valence shell electrons. ROS form as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling. However, during times of environmental stress (e.g., UV or heat exposure), ROS levels can increase dramatically. This may result in significant damage to cell structures. This cumulates into a situation known as oxidative stress. ROS are also generated by exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation. Under normal circumstances, cells are able to defend themselves against ROS damage with enzymes such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, lactoperoxidases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. Small molecule antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), uric acid, and glutathione also play important roles as cellular antioxidants. In similar manner, polyphenol antioxidants assist in preventing ROS damage by scavenging free radicals. In contrast, the antioxidant ability of the extracellular space is less - e.g., it seems that the most important plasma antioxidant in humans is uric acid. Effects of ROS on cell metabolism have been well documented in a variety of species. These include not only roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but also positive effects such as the induction of host defence[1] [2]genes and mobilisation of ion transport systems.[citation needed] This implicates them in redox signaling, also known as oxidative signaling. In particular, platelets involved in wound repair and blood homeostasis release ROS to recruit additional platelets to sites of injury. These also provide a link to the adaptive immune system via the recruitment of leukocytes. Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease. They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels, in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin, and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans.[citation needed] Redox signaling is also implicated in mediation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and ischaemic injury. Specific examples include stroke and heart attack."
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Post by kammy on Dec 14, 2010 13:46:11 GMT -5
users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/ROS.html"Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) This rare genetic disorder demonstrates the importance of ROS in protecting us from many type of bacterial infection. It is caused by a defective gene for one of the subunits of NADPH oxidase. People with CGD have a difficult time ridding themselves of bacterial infections — especially those caused by bacteria (e.g. staphylococci, Salmonella) and fungi (e.g., Aspergillus) that produce catalase to protect themselves against the hydrogen peroxide generated by the macrophages and neutrophils that engulf them. Often the result is the development of a persisting nest of infected cells — called a granuloma. The gene for one of the subunits of NADPH most frequently mutated in CGD is on the X chromosome. Thus males are principally affected. However, examination of the neutrophils of females who are carriers of the gene shows that 50% of them do not make active NADPH oxidase when they engulf pathogens. In these cells, the X chromosome with the nonmutant allele has been inactivated and converted into a Barr body." Barr body www.genetics.com.au/factsheet/fs14.asp
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Post by kammy on Dec 14, 2010 13:59:58 GMT -5
I'm trying to find out if dms in the environment converts to dmso in body, it says the opposite, that DMSO in the body converts to DMS. I'm suspecting there is a circle in which each can turn into each other by adding or subtracting an oxygen molecule... I'm looking... I found this interesting about MSM: cancertutor.com/Alzheimers/Alz_BrainAlive.html"DMSO and MSM are closely related molecules. The main difference between them is that MSM has an extra oxygen molecule and that is good. Both molecules contain a methyl group. This is a key molecule for the brain. Entire books have been written on the methyl molecule. Both molecules contain an organic sulfur molecule. Food processing and farming remove virtually all organic sulfur from our diets. Both molecules help reduce swelling and inflammation, they get oxygen into the brain, they help rebuild nerves (DMSO is known to regerate nerves), and have other benefits. The bad news is that DMSO creates severe body odor and severe bad breath. Even less than 20 drops can cause an entire room to smell bad. It does this because once inside the body DMSO is broken down into DMS and MSM. It is the DMS which is what causes the odors. That is why MSM is recommended instead of DMSO. While some of the MSM is broken down into DMSO and DMS, there is no severe body odor with MSM, there is only temporarly bad breath. But it is worth it!! All you have to do is eat something after you take it. A word of warning. MSM should not be taken as a pill. Pill makers add anti-clumping chemicals in order to get the MSM inside of the pills. These anti-clumping chemicals largely destroy the value of the MSM. MSM must be taken as a powder or in crystal form. The average person of 200 pounds should take an average of 5 to 10 grams of MSM a day, though they could take 20 grams a day or more if needed. A person needs to start taking one gram a day and build-up over a period of several days to get to their main dose. The build-up is needed so that the digestive tract gets used to processing it. #7 - Chlorella While heavy metals do physical damage to the brain, it is important to remove the heavy metals from the brain before they do even more damage. If you have dental amalgam, and almost everyone does, every time you eat mercury vapors are released into your brain. There are several ways to "chelate" heavy metals (i.e. to "chelate" means to find a molecule that binds to heavy metals and removes the heavy metals from the body). The best chelation therapy is EDTA chelation therapy, given as an I.V. by a medical doctor. This treatment has been known about for decades, but because EDTA chelation is not profitable enough for orthodox medicine (orthodox medicine likes all diseases to be chronic diseases because chronic diseases are far more profitable than actually curing people) the treatment has been ignored."
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Post by kammy on Dec 14, 2010 14:03:57 GMT -5
Here it is: www.vitaflex.com/res_msmdjdstudy.php"The cycle of these naturally occurring sulfur compounds begins in the ocean where microscopic plankton release sulfur compounds called dimethyl-sulfonium salts. These salts are transformed in the ocean into the very volatile compound D.M.S. which escapes from the water as a gas which rises into the upper atmosphere. Exposed to ozone and high energy ultraviolet light the D.M.S. is converted to D.M.S.O. and M.S.M. Both the D.M.S.O. and M.S.M. are very soluble in water and they return to the surface of the earth in rainwater. Plants then take up the two compounds into their root systems concentrating them up to one hundred fold. M.S.M. (sulfur) is incorporated into the plant structure. Through the process of plant metabolism the M.S.M., along with the other sulfur compounds it has spawned, are ultimately mineralized and transported back to the ocean and the sulfur cycle begins again." So, it moves in a circle - DMS -> DMSO -> MSM -> DMS and you can pick it up anywhere in the cycle...
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Post by kammy on Dec 15, 2010 10:22:35 GMT -5
Ok, I've given a list of 6 or so things to do that should possibly help us. Maybe I should cut and paste and make a list? I'm sure if I kept looking, I could find a few more and there has been a lot written on free radical anti-oxidants in many books that we should already be familiar with?
I watched a video yesterday on youtube where this lady has gone down to the beach at different times and filmed it to show the extent of the oilspill on her 'personal' beach. She is becoming sicker there and talks about the very foul odor coming off the water and when you look at the residue left on the sand - it is a yellow color substance. This fits in with DMS or DMSO being a sulphuric agent and the definite smell associated with it.
I'm thinking that the natural DMS process is somehow being affected one way or another with all of the industrial pollution, volcanoes, fires affecting the plankton and their DMS output into the oxygen or sulphur cycle.
If my theory is correct, the DMS put out by the ocean plankton into the clouds which comes back as rain into our crops and water and if it has been altered on a large scale, the process of it trying to correct itself will go on for years or it will take years for it to correct. If we look at the principles of the Claw Theory, this indicates that it will eventually correct itself, but this is probably debatable.
The reason I say this is... I would assume that you and I have come into contact with a much smaller amount of chemically altered DMS(O) in the past compared to what is possibly happening today? From what I understand at this time, the DMS turns into DMSO/DMS/MSM in the body and after it preforms its functions, it escapes from the pores and through respiration. If they can't escape, they can create particles inside the body - probably the sandy, gritty, crystal, specks and fibers that we have in common. That air and water pollution add to the toxic load inside of us to create even more of these particles and when they can't escape - granuloma-type diseases sets up. I assume that this accumulation in our bodies took many years from the low volume of altered DMS in the environment. That by making the mixture stronger, this process should speed up... meaning, that it took years for us to become sick and to show evidence, what took years in the past, can possibly now only take a year or a few months, we don't know?
Our disease process depends on possibly genetics, our individual health, risky life style behaviors - such as smoking, what diseases you already have, our age, how long we've been exposed, what concentration and probably where we live - if next to the oceans where this DMS to DMSO process should be more concentrated in the air. The older we are the more likely we are to show disease because of the accumulated build-up over time, the additional pathogens/disease picked up along the way and usually with aging we tend to slow down and get more sedentary, etc.
In some cases people have mentioned having a 'musty sweet, sickly smell' in their environments, this is most likely related to DMS(O). This smell is most likely coming from body emissions. In our Hepa filters, we are seeing brown and black sticky carbon-like particles. We've heard of people having carbon black under their fingernails at times when picking at their lesions...
I haven't looked at the role of carbon dioxide, which I know we emit in respiration also. We are probably emitting a DMSO/carbon dioxide mix particle and this could be what our 'black specks' are made of.
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Post by kammy on Dec 15, 2010 14:48:23 GMT -5
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Post by kammy on Dec 15, 2010 17:41:44 GMT -5
Is oxidative or respiratory burst the same as free radical polymerization? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_burst"Respiratory burst (sometimes called oxidative burst) is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) from different types of cells. Usually it denotes the release of these chemicals from immune cells, e.g., neutrophils and monocytes, as they come into contact with different bacteria or fungi. They are also released from the ovum of higher animals after the ovum has been fertilized. These substances can also be released from plant cells. Respiratory burst plays an important role in the immune system. It is a crucial reaction that occurs in phagocytes to degrade internalized particles and bacteria. NADPH oxidase, an enzyme family in the vasculature (in particular, in vascular disease), produces superoxide, which spontaneously recombines with other molecules to produce reactive free radicals. The superoxide reacts with NO, resulting in the formation of peroxynitrite, reducing the bioactive NO needed to dilate terminal arterioles, feed arteries and resistance arteries. Superoxide anion, peroxynitrite, and other reactive oxygen species also lead to pathology via peroxidation of proteins and lipids, and via activation of redox sensitive signaling cascades and protein nitrosylation. NADPH oxidase activation has been suggested to depend on prior PKC activation.[1] Myeloperoxidase uses one of these free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, to produce hypochlorous acid. Many vascular stimuli, including all those known to lead to insulin resistance, activate NADPH oxidase via both increased gene expression and complex activation mechanisms. To combat infections, immune cells use NADPH oxidase to reduce O2 to oxygen free radical and then H2O2. Neutrophils and monocytes utilize myeloperoxidase to further combine H2O2 with Cl- to produce hypochlorite, which plays a role in destroying bacteria. Absence of NADPH oxidase will prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species and will result in chronic granulomatous disease." "Absence of NADPH oxidase will prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species and will result in chronic granulomatous disease." Question: What causes absence of NADPH oxidase? Search criteria is - What causes absence of NADPH oxidase? "Branched fungal beta-glucan causes hyperinflammation and necrosis in phagocyte NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18098349Abstract Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of a functional phagocyte NADPH oxidase, is a severe immune deficiency. However, non-infectious hyperinflammation is a second hallmark of the disease. In CGD mouse models, sterile hyperinflammation can be induced by A. fumigatus cell wall preparations. In this study, we used subcutaneous injection of microbial cell walls and cell wall components to identify causes of CGD hyperinflammation and to characterize its histological features. Sterile cell wall preparations from fungi ( A. fumigatus, C. albicans, S. cerevisiae), but not from bacteria (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli), caused prolonged and severe skin inflammation in CGD mice." A. Certain fungi... Remember that a fungal infection can cause the NADPH oxidase to malfunction, which also negatively affects the oxidative burst process.
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 5:45:45 GMT -5
I'm starting to understand this a little better... I was close 1 1/2 years ago, I almost on it - this about oxygen transfer internally and with lesions, the oxygen in contact with the skin. I'm thinking that an oxygen molecule is added or subtracted to cause a chain reaction under the skin, in places where the skin is thinner than others. Our skin is our largest organ to defend us... Question: Is there a difference in thickness in the layers of the skin (s.corneum, granulosum...) amongst different races - Hispanic, African American, Cacausian... www.netwellness.org/question.cfm/31729.htm"Answer: The information regarding skin thickness can be found in Richards GM, Oresajo CO, Halder RM. Structure and function of ethnic skin and hair. Dermatol Clin. 2003. Oct;21(4):595-600. Briefly, the stratum corneum, or the outer most layer of the skin of blacks has been shown to be made up of more layers when compared with that of whites. The overall thickness of this layer in white and black skin is generally similar, however in black skin it seems to be more compact, accounting for the greater number of layers. Comparison of epidermis of different racial groups White Stratum corneum thickness 7.2 mm Stratum corneum layers 17 layers Stratum lucidum 1-2 layers. On exposure to sun becomes swollen distinctly cellular Water barrier High Melanosomes Small; group melanosomes in keratinocytes less dense more numerous in subcutaneous than basal layer Black Stratum corneum thickness 6.5 mm Stratum corneum layers 22 layers Stratum lucidum 1-2 layers Remains compact and unaltered with sun exposure Water barrier Low Melanosomes Larger; individually dispersed melanosomes in keratinocytes more numerous in basal layer Differences have been found among blacks, whites, Asians, and Hispanics in various areas of skin structure and function. Among them is the stratum corneum lipid (ceramide) content, which is highest in Asians, then Hispanics, then whites, and lowest in blacks. Melanosomal packaging and percutaneous absorption rates for specific compounds also vary among the different races. Reports supporting the occurrence of difference in transepidermal water loss, tyrosinase levels, skin elasticity, and water absorption rates between blacks and whites, and reaction to skin irritation have been conflicting. No significant differences in corneocyte size, skin thickness, and skin biomechanics have been reported." I'm thinking that white people should be the most affected first - then the other races. It might be that blacks have the best chance of not getting the lesions when exposed for the same amount of time as others? I predict that with time all races will be affected equally. My skin isn't layered enough to protect me? Protect me from what... oxidization? As an experiment, I am going to put the medicine on a lesion, cover it with plastic wrap to keep oxygen from getting to it and then cover that with a bandaid to see if I can get the lesion to heal that way, oxygen deprive it, I'll let you know. We've heard of people being cut open with surgery to look at their cancer and once this is done, with the air hitting it - it spreads wildly throughout the body? This is what is happening with my ear... it has natural slits in it from where the particles are trying to get out. When I pick at it, I am allowing oxygen to get to the particles more than if I just left it alone. This causes an immediate chain reaction to happen causing a never-ending supply of particles.
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 7:15:46 GMT -5
I believe it would take more than just antioxidants to keep this process under control if we were constantly exposed to high levels of air pollution radicals. Short of wearing a gas mask to survive, which I don't believe those in power have this in mind exactly, as a way of future living on planet Earth. Well... I guess it's possible that people could live underground for so many years and then surface to resume life and the air and water might be clean enough to not cause humans to live to be only 30 years old. Can you imagine a world where our life span is 30 years?... that would leave children without parents, if you have them at age 18, they would be approximately 12... nice thought, huh?
I know man's lifespan has fluctuated, from the Bible times - man lived to be several hundred years old, then there was a period where our lifespan was 40 years. What was happening with the Earth's climate during this time?
Oxidization - that's what happens to the apple when you cut it and it starts turning brown. That's what those brown spots are on the bananas. Did you see the volume of these 'carbon ball' micelles in the banana that I put out earlier - and the bananas are turning browner quicker than ever before. That's what is happening to our skin with the lesions, we have an oxidization disease.
There's got to be a mega-buster component that can stop this bursting?... I'm wondering about iron's role in oxidization. Thinking about Beamme's strange encounter with a superior (in some way) being and his reply to the cure was "Thermite". Thermite is concentrated rust dust... iron related.
What's iron's role in our disease and oxidization? Do we have too much, do we need more? Would more iron help or hurt? Do we need to take two rusty nails, put them to a battery, put them in water and then drink the water? lol (Don't do this, just kidding!)
They started stripping out the good stuff from our bread and then fortifying it with iron, when was that? And, adding iron to our cereals... and so on... we're probably on iron overload? Look how long they have been plotting this campaign against us?
When we look at the Fenton's Reaction we see that we have too much iron. And Zinc is the antagonist against iron.
Ok, then Zinc is most likely the 'mega-buster'... I remember that Zinc likes to be taken alone, at night before going to bed on an empty stomach.
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 8:18:47 GMT -5
'Iron's role in oxidization' Repair of Oxidized Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Escherichia coli www.jbc.org/content/279/43/44590.full"he [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters of dehydratases are rapidly damaged by univalent oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite. The loss of an electron destabilizes the cluster, causing it to release its catalytic iron atom and converting the cluster initially to an inactive [3Fe-4S]1+ form. Continued exposure to oxidants in vitro leads to further iron release. Experiments have shown that these clusters are repaired in vivo. We sought to determine whether repair is mediated by either the Isc or Suf cluster-assembly systems that have been identified in Escherichia coli. We found that all the proteins encoded by the isc operon were critical for de novo assembly, but most of these were unnecessary for cluster repair. IscS, a cysteine desulfurase, appeared to be an exception: although iscS mutants repaired damaged clusters, they did so substantially more slowly than did wild-type cells. Brief exposure of cells to hydrogen peroxide resulted in the appearance of the characteristic [3Fe-4S]1+ signal of the oxidized enzyme. Thus it is unclear why IscS is required for efficient repair. The iscS mutants grew poorly, allowing the possibility that metabolic defects indirectly slow the repair process. Our data did indicate that damaged clusters decompose beyond the [3Fe-4S]1+ state in vivo when stress is prolonged. Under the conditions of our experiments, mutants that lacked other repair candidates—Suf proteins, glutathione, and NADPH: ferredoxin reductase—all repaired clusters at normal rates. We conclude that the mechanism of cluster repair is distinct from that of de novo assembly and that this is true because mild oxidative stress does not degrade clusters in vivo to the point of presenting an apoenzyme to the de novo cluster-assembly systems." cysteine desulfurase en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine_desulfurase"In enzymology, a cysteine desulfurase (EC 2.8.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-cysteine and [[[enzyme]-cysteine]], whereas its two products are L-alanine and [[[enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine]]. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfurtransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-cysteine:[enzyme cysteine] sulfurtransferase. Other names in common use include IscS, NIFS, NifS, SufS, and cysteine desulfurylase. This enzyme participates in thiamine metabolism." Question: Hydrogen peroxide - ? de novo assembly or cluster-assembly systems? apoenzyme? L-cysteine and/or the sulfurtransferases enzymes - probably helpful to us? Sulfurtransferases enzymes participate in thiamine metabolism... the hand bone is connected to the wrist bone... and so on...
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 10:50:29 GMT -5
I believe most of us are Vitamin B deficient from the case study data?: thiamine metabolism en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_metabolism"Occurrence in foods Thiamine is found in a wide variety of foods at low concentrations. Yeast and pork are the most highly concentrated sources of thiamine. In general, cereal grains are the most important dietary sources of thiamine, by virtue of their ubiquity. Of these, whole grains contain more thiamine than refined grains, as thiamine is found mostly in the outer layers of the grain and in the germ (which are removed during the refining process). For example, 100 g of whole-wheat flour contains 0.55 mg of thiamine, while 100 g of white flour contains only 0.06 mg of thiamine. In the US, processed flour must be enriched with thiamine mononitrate (along with niacin, ferrous iron, riboflavin, and folic acid) to replace that lost in processing.Some other foods rich in thiamine are oatmeal, flax, and sunflower seeds, brown rice, whole grain rye, asparagus, kale, cauliflower, potatoes, oranges, liver (beef, pork and chicken), and eggs.[2] Antagonists Thiamine in foods can be degraded in a variety of ways. Sulfites, which are added to foods usually as a preservative,[19] will attack thiamine at the methylene bridge in the structure, cleaving the pyrimidine ring from the thiazole ring.[2] The rate of this reaction is increased under acidic conditions. Thiamine is degraded by thermolabile thiaminases (present in raw fish and shellfish[1]). Some thiaminases are produced by bacteria. Bacterial thiaminases are cell surface enzymes that must dissociate from the membrane before being activated; the dissociation can occur in ruminants under acidotic conditions. Rumen bacteria also reduce sulfate to sulfite, therefore high dietary intakes of sulfate can have thiamine-antagonistic activities. Analysis and diagnostic testing A positive diagnosis test for thiamine deficiency can be ascertained by measuring the activity of the enzyme transketolase in erythrocytes (Erythrocyte Transketolase Activation Assay). Genetic diseases Genetic diseases of thiamine transport are rare but serious. Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA) with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness[50] is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene SLC19A2,[51] a high affinity thiamine transporter. TRMA patients do not show signs of systemic thiamine deficiency, suggesting redundancy in the thiamine transport system. This has led to the discovery of a second high-affinity thiamine transporter, SLC19A3.[52][53] Beriberi meaning "I cannot, I cannot", a wasting disease en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeriberiBeriberi (pronounced /bɛriˈbɛri/) is a nervous system ailment caused by a thiamine deficiency (deficiency of vitamin B1) in the diet. Thiamine is involved in the breakdown of energy molecules such as glucose and is also found on the membranes of neurons. Symptoms of beriberi include severe lethargy and fatigue, together with complications affecting the cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, and gastrointestinal systems.Prevalence Beriberi is rare in developed countries because most foods are now vitamin-enriched. Excluding the presence of arsenic in the environment (e.g. well water) one can get enough thiamine by eating a normal, healthy diet. Today, beriberi occurs mostly in patients who abuse alcohol. Drinking heavily can lead to poor nutrition, and excess alcohol makes it harder for the body to absorb and store thiamine. Thiamine deficiency causes neuropathy through neuron death due to its effects upon astrocytes. This causes alterations in their glutamate uptake, through changes in the levels of the astrocytic glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2 creating excitotoxicity. Other changes include those to the GABA transporter subtype GAT-3, GFAP, glutamine synthetase, the water channel protein Aquaporin 4. These create lactic acidosis, brain edema, oxidative stress, inflammation, and white matter impairment.[8] A rare condition known as genetic beriberi is passed down through families. People with genetic beriberi lose the ability to absorb thiamine from foods. This can happen slowly over time and symptoms occur when the person is an adult. However, because doctors may not consider beriberi in non-alcoholics, this diagnosis is often missed." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsakoff's_syndrome apathy - the patients lose interest in things quickly and generally appear indifferent to change. In Western nations the most common causes of such deficiency are alcoholism and weight disorders[5] * I surmise that when we are in our approximate 6 month down period that affects some of us in the beginning of our disease, that has been described as an assault on our central and peripheral nervous systems, it might be comparable to what is happening with Beriberi and Korsakoff's syndrome with the peripheral.
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 12:12:43 GMT -5
Search criteria is - 'iron's role in oxidation' Redox"Redox (shorthand for oxidation-reduction) reactions describe all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes." Illustration of a redox reaction The term comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. The two parts of a redox reaction Oxidizers Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances are said to be oxidative or oxidizing and are known as oxidizing agents, oxidants, or oxidizers. Put another way, the oxidant removes electrons from another substance, and is thus itself reduced. And, because it "accepts" electrons, it is also called an electron acceptor. Oxidants are usually chemical elements or substances with elements in high oxidation numbers or highly electronegative substances/elements that can gain one or two extra electrons by oxidizing an element or substance (O, F, Cl, Br)." A bonfire. Combustion consists of redox reactions involving free radicals. "Reducers Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents, reductants, or reducers. That is, the reductant transfers electrons to another substance, and is thus itself oxidized. Reductants in chemistry are very diverse. Electropositive elemental metals, such as lithium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, aluminium, carbon, are good reducing agents. These metals donate or give away electrons readily. Hydride transfer reagents, such as NaBH4 and LiAlH4, are widely used in organic chemistry,[1][2] primarily in the reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols. Another method of reduction involves the use of hydrogen gas (H2) with a palladium, platinum, or nickel catalyst. These catalytic reductions are used primarily in the reduction of carbon-carbon double or triple bonds." Iron rusting in pyrite cubes Redox reactions in biology Many important biological processes involve redox reactions. Cellular respiration, for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to CO2 and the reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cell respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O The process of cell respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of NAD+ to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD+). Photosynthesis is essentially the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Biological energy is frequently stored and released by means of redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions. The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. Redox cycling A wide variety of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of flavoenzymes and their coenzymes. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide, and regenerate the unchanged parent compound. The net reaction is the oxidation of the flavoenzyme's coenzymes and the reduction of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This catalytic behavior has been described as futile cycle or redox cycling. Examples of redox cycling-inducing molecules are the herbicide paraquat and other viologens and quinones such as menadione. [3]"
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 12:22:30 GMT -5
what creates free radicals? www.wisegeek.com/what-are-free-radicals.htm"Some processes brought about by free radicals are inevitable, such as aging, but others can be prevented, like destruction of DNA or clogging of arteries. Free radicals are created by environmental pollution, cigarette smoking, and poisons like cleaners or herbicides. Their role in certain types of cancer, strokes, and heart disease is still being investigated. Preliminarily, low concentrations of free radicals have been associated with a reduced risk for heart disease and stroke, but more studies are needed to understand their relationship."
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Post by kammy on Dec 16, 2010 12:34:37 GMT -5
www.powersupplements.com/anti.htmSo what is dangerous about free radicals? Unstable free radicals do everything they can to get another electron and become stable again. The problem is that they will rip away an electron from a normal cell in the body. This can cause serious damage to the the normal cell. Basically, what is happening is that your body is rusting! I know, this sounds pretty disgusting - but scientifically it is the same process. Free radicals can cause oxidation inside the body. Here are just some of the diseases linked to excess free radicals: Aging Various Cancers Coronary Heart Disease Arthritis Autoimmune Diseases Alzheimer's Parkinson's Disease Cataracts What causes free radicals to form in my body? To a certain extent - free radicals are just a part of being alive. It is estimated that every single cell in your body gets attacked by a free radical about 10,000 times a day! As we get older the number of free radicals increases. In your lifetime you will probably produce over 17 tons of free radicals. There are certain activities that cause the body to produce more free radicals. Here is the really bad news - exercise and bodybuilding can greatly increase free radicals! I know it sounds crazy - working out is supposed to make you more fit. The problem is that any process that produces stress and increases the intake of oxygen can lead to an increase in free radicals. As you know - working out then has two strikes against it - it is stressful and greatly increase our oxygen intake. Other factors that lead to high levels of free radicals are: smoking tobacco, direct sunlight, smog and pollution and foods high in fats and sugar. What foods do I need to eat to get Antioxidants? Fruits and vegetables contain the most antioxidants. The problem is that when we process fruits and vegetables many of the antioxidants are removed. So, even eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables can not guarantee you will get enough antioxidants - still it is a good place to start. What is the best Antioxidant to take? The best way to fight free radicals is with a collection of antioxidants. There is not one single antioxidant that is most effective. In order to be effective there must be a team of antioxidants all working together. When you supplement with with a teams of antioxidants you will find that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Working out increases the number of free radicals in the body. These free radicals can leave you feeling sore, weak and more prone to injury and sickness after an intense workout. You may notice that your endurance starts to drop off and you have a harder time recovering from a tough workout. You may also get sick more than you did before you started working out. These are all signs that free radicals have shifted the balance in your body to a state of oxidative stress." Not strenuous exercising... that's good news. ;D
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Post by kammy on Dec 18, 2010 12:56:56 GMT -5
Duplicate post from the crystal thread: Glittering Nano-Crystals Eat Carbon and Save the World io9.com/361554/glittering-nano+crystals-eat-carbon-and-save-the-worldWired has just posted an amazing gallery devoted to the production of these envirotastic nano-crystals that absorb carbon dioxide. Each crystal can absorb up to 80 times its own volume in carbon dioxide. UCLA researcher Omar Yaghi says these particular crystals could be used for carbon capture technologies in green engines, sucking up carbon before it hits the air. Want to see the cool machines that make these crystals? Only the crystals that can absorb carbon dioxide (or another desired compound) will be sorted out for more study." Morgellons arm lesion: tinypic.com/r/2v2wg1f/7tinypic.com/r/esj4go/7tinypic.com/r/25uk4jt/7tinypic.com/r/2exa4wi/7*So, these nano crystals can be formed from a variety of natural crystal samples? in the original Wired article " We're altering the environment irreversibly and something needs to be done or we might not have time to do anything about it," said Omar Yaghi, a professor of chemistry at UCLA, lead author of the paper.
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Post by kammy on Dec 18, 2010 13:00:35 GMT -5
www.wired.com/science/discoveries/multimedia/2008/02/gallery_nanotech"Left: An array of ZIF, or zeolitic imidazolate framework, crystals that were photographed by a robotic microscope using polarized light to show detail. ZIF crystals are the primary substances that Yaghi and his crew develop. The nicely formed and innately beautiful crystals at left await further testing in the lab. The finer specimens may be individually mounted and imaged using X-ray crystal diffraction. Possible uses for crystals that can selectively absorb specific molecules are numerous, including military applications and hydrogen-fuel storage for green vehicles."
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Post by kammy on Dec 18, 2010 13:07:49 GMT -5
tinypic.com/r/2exa4wi/7This is the same as what I have called a baculoviral capsid. Inside these crystal formations, they eventually form a trap door that opens and a larvae-shaped carbon coated entity comes out of these. These are hollow in some cases, a womb cage that houses 'others'.
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Post by kammy on Dec 18, 2010 13:29:38 GMT -5
ZIF crystals? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitic_imidazolate_framework"Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) are one kind of metal-organic frameworks' subsidiaries which could be used to keep industrial emissions of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. One litre of the crystals could store about 83 litres of CO2. The crystals are non-toxic and require little energy to create, making them an attractive possibility for carbon capture and storage. "Twelve zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs; termed ZIF-1 to -12) have been synthesized as crystals by copolymerization of either Zn(II) (ZIF-1 to -4, -6 to -8, and -10 to -11) or Co(II) (ZIF-9 and -12) with imidazolate-type links. The ZIF crystal structures are based on the nets of seven distinct aluminosilicate zeolites: tetrahedral Si(Al) and the bridging O are replaced with transition metal ion and imidazolate link, respectively."
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Post by kammy on Dec 18, 2010 13:35:23 GMT -5
www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2008/02/15/tech-carbon-capture.htmlNew materials can selectively capture CO2, scientists say Friday, February 15, 2008 "Scientists have created metal-organic crystals capable of soaking up carbon dioxide gas like a sponge, which could be used to keep industrial emissions of the gas out of the atmosphere. Chemists at the University of California Los Angeles said the crystals — which go by the name zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, or ZIFs — can be tailored to absorb and trap specific molecules. The researchers created all 25 crystals by combining their raw materials in thousands of chemical reactions, which they say is similar to the high-throughput methods used in pharmaceutical research. As concern over climate change grows and its link to human-made carbon dioxide emissions becomes clearer, governments and businesses around the world are investigating carbon-capturing technologies. Past estimates from United Nation's energy and climate experts have pegged the cost of capturing CO2 between $25 US and $60 US a tonne for conventional coal-fired plants. Earlier this month, a task force established by the Alberta and federal governments issued a report calling for $2-billion to get five new carbon capture and storage facilities operating by 2015." www.pnas.org/content/103/27/10186.abstractExceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks "high thermal stability (up to 550°C), and remarkable chemical resistance to boiling alkaline water and organic solvents."
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Post by kammy on Dec 19, 2010 17:06:34 GMT -5
Search criteria is 'dissolve carbon nanocrystals' www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824537/"The ultrasmall fct FePt nanocrystals are chemically stable against acid etching and oxidation over long periods of time owing to protection by the encapsulating graphite shell. Our synthetic procedure for fct FePt-graphite nanocrystals is as follows. The metal precursors Fe(NO3)3 · 9H2O and H2PtCl6 · 9H2O (1:1 molar ratio) were loaded onto high-surface-area silica powder by impregnation in solution in methanol. The metal-loaded silica was dried and heated to 800 °C under H2 and then subjected to methane CVD for carbon deposition on the FePt nanoalloy formed on silica (see Experimental Section for details). Once cooled to room temperature, the powder materials were treated with HF to dissolve the silica support, followed by washing with ethanol and water to obtain pure FePt/graphitic carbon nanocrystals (Figure 1a). The Raman spectrum recorded with a large amount of nanocrystals deposited on the substrate (Figure 1b) provided evidence for graphite shells on the nanocrystals, exhibiting a characteristic graphitic carbon G peak at ≈1600 cm−1 and a disordered D peak at ≈1300 cm−1."
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Post by kammy on Dec 19, 2010 21:42:42 GMT -5
What's happening is... that so much carbon dioxide is being put into the environment with every volcano, fire, car emissions, mine explosions, industrial waste, chemical spills into our water sources, oilspill, etc. that we are being environmentally poisoned like never before.
We have a carbon dioxide/DMS carbon micelle that is at the crux of disease. Disease is firstly an environmental poisoning of our systems in which we cannot remove the carbon dioxide coming in quickly enough. And, to compound it - any disease, parasite, pathogen or it's DNA can ride inside this carbon molecule and it is very mutable that can pick up any other dna or pathogen it comes into contact with. Once inside of us, it can develop mutations from being in contact with chemicals from other sectors - such as those happening in food processing, vaccines, existing disease, etc. And, to further compound it - this carbon molecule has the properties of nanomaterials in some or all cases.
That since the people have not been informed as to what carbon-related disease is... do not understand that every human, animal, plant, insect, tree... everything living! is being held hostage by their polluting actions alone, not to mention the other ways most of us are already ensnared.
This scenario looks like that if the truth is ever announced - that unless we go along with whatever their plan is and the pollution continues and the other methods that are already in place or going to be in place... everything and everybody that is denied treatment will most likely die in a period of a few years from CO2 poisoning disease alone, it's that simple. Because 'they' hold all the cards in deciding who gets treatment and who doesn't and since they are in control of the future health of the entire planet - we will most likely be forced into their agendas.
The world is oblivious to being held hostage with a gun to our heads and the gun is Disease.
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Post by kammy on Dec 20, 2010 9:06:28 GMT -5
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Post by kammy on Dec 20, 2010 11:33:52 GMT -5
hydrocarbons microscopic wires.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WiresArticle/wisId-WNAN103.htmlMetal‐based nanoparticles and their toxicity assessment "Metal NPs, in particular, have received increasing interest due to their widespread medical, consumer, industrial, and military applications. However, as particle size decreases, some metal‐based NPs are showing increased toxicity, even if the same material is relatively inert in its bulk form (e.g., Ag, Au, and Cu). NPs also interact with proteins and enzymes within mammalian cells and they can interfere with the antioxidant defense mechanism leading to reactive oxygen species generation, the initiation of an inflammatory response and perturbation and destruction of the mitochondria causing apoptosis or necrosis." Looks like how gatti links?
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Post by kammy on Dec 20, 2010 12:52:00 GMT -5
Search criteria is - 'how to stop reactive oxygen species generation' "Effects of mannitol or catalase on the generation of reactive oxygen species leading to DNA damage by Chromium(VI) reduction with ascorbate. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10525278"Mannitol markedly inhibited the retarded gel electrophoretic mobility of supercoiled plasmids and the formation of DNA polymerase-stop sites induced by Cr(VI)/ascorbate, but catalase did not. On the other hand, mannitol reduced only 32% of the Cr-DNA adducts induced by Cr(VI)/ascorbate, suggesting that Cr monoadducts (possibly DNA-Cr-mannitol adducts) are the major lesions generated in the Cr(VI)/ascorbate/mannitol/DNA solution. Native catalase but not heat-denatured catalase protected approximately 25% of the Cr-DNA adducts induced by Cr(VI)/ascorbate, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide may be involved." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannitol"Natural Product Extraction As stated above, mannitol is found in a wide variety of natural products, including almost all plants. This allows for direct extraction from natural products, rather than chemical or biological synthesies. In fact, in China, isolation from seaweeds is the most common form of mannitol production.[13] Mannitol concentrations of plant exudates can range from 20% in seaweeds to 90% in the plane tree. In foods Mannitol does not stimulate an increase in blood glucose, and is therefore used as a sweetener for people with diabetes, and in chewing gums. See also Xylitol" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol-------------------- www.jimmunol.org/content/174/12/8049.full.pdf
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Post by kammy on Dec 20, 2010 12:58:35 GMT -5
Search criteria is - 'how to stop reactive oxygen species generation' www.denvernaturopathic.com/Antioxidantsnewterminology.htmlA new way to talk about antioxidants "The things we call antioxidants don’t always do what we ‘want’ them to; with antioxidants, it depends. Many of the classic antioxidant vitamins can do the opposite and actually stimulate the production of ROS in cancer cells. In some studies antioxidants work like one would expect:, they decrease Reactive Oxygen Species, especially vitamin C, protecting cancer cells from death caused by treatment. But this is not always what happens. It depends. A recent study suggests high dose intravenous vitamin C kills cancer cells because it is converted into hydrogen peroxide, a potent free radical that kills cells. (Science News October 15, 2005 vol. 168 page 253) Vitamin C increases differentiation in hepatoma cells by increasing hydrogen peroxide. What is vitamin C, our poster child of antioxidants, doing increasing hydrogen peroxide? Selenium is another example. Selenium is always on that list of antioxidants we rattle off, you know, “Vitamins A, C, E, zinc and selenium.” Yet in cancer cells, selenium stimulates apoptosis by generating Reactive Oxygen Species. So does vitamin D." - ?
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 20, 2010 13:06:21 GMT -5
Figuring this out to one specific will most likely be impossible because so much has changed. Various experiments have been conducted that are documented over the years by our Government on our people but too so much goes on in the bio world combined with terrorism that we are not told of. I agree that the Global warming is stinking to high heaven. Next time you look at the bio's of the dead scientist notice too that many had been into prion diseases. D.M.S.O. makes sense because it opens the cells and membranes barriers to accept all kinds of organisms. In fact caution must be used when appling this because you can allow parasites to drive deeper into the body by opening these membranes. It is sometimes used to deliver other substances across biological membrane barriers. www.cqs.com/zeolite.htmMuch has been changed but I believe we will or already have a way back. Jen
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Post by lilsissy on Dec 20, 2010 13:15:18 GMT -5
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Post by kammy on Dec 20, 2010 15:25:06 GMT -5
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Post by kammy on Dec 20, 2010 15:27:04 GMT -5
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Post by kammy on Dec 24, 2010 19:14:25 GMT -5
Saliva This researcher has caught the DMS(O) molecules nicely with the microscope, they call them - 'orbs'... theirs has a 'copper' residue around the perimeter... "The Morgellon Orb" www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJf3uF2hsLwThis is from their saliva, I'm wondering if it isn't from oxidation - more like rust than copper?... Which brings us back to thermite... what did that guy mean, Beammeup - we have a thermite/rusting disease? How could rust be the cure for rusting? I don't think he was stating that thermite was the cure - I think he was describing the disease? Anyway, when looking at my and Kat's saliva samples in a petri dish, I don't see this 'copper' effect with us... Saliva - 100x: tinypic.com/r/28lvpt0/7tinypic.com/r/307m0si/7Noticing - It links like gatti... 'pop beads'
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