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Post by skizit on Feb 17, 2011 19:20:58 GMT -5
Dear Morgellons Victims: Prof. Peter G. Schultz says, "Yeast is the gateway to mammalian cells, We've opened up the whole pathway to higher organisms." I have been curious as to how fungi, worms, arthropods and other life forms exist in humans. After reading about many parts of Morgellons separately, I found a book that explains the basis of the science behind Morgellons which I would encourage you to have your doctors read ASAP, page 293. The information may be too technical for many people, however, when people say you are delusional, ask them what is "global gene expression," "synthetic eukaryotic signal transduction pathway" or "conserved signaling components". Then if they don't know, ask them to read this book: SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY, By Pengcheng Fu, Sven Panke homepages.nyu.edu/~mr176/nrg1964.pdfOn page 295, there is a graph of the timeline of the availability of genomes: S. cerevisiae (yeast), E.coli (bacteria), C. elegans (worm), Arabidopsis thaliana (plant) and Drosophilia melanogaster (fruit fly) and human. These were the first model organisms. Funny thing, all those life forms are now alive in the bodies of Morgellons victims. In the case of the crawling biting insects (mites, ticks, other) Transgenic vectors have been used to infect people. If your physician hasn't read this material, they are not keeping up with medical science which means they are not doing their job. Doctors are insulted when you tell them they aren't being scientific. Its a great thing to make them wake up. FIBERS: HERE IS SOME OF THE TECHNOLOGY: Chemomechanical Polymers as Sensors and Actuators for Biological and Medicinal Applications, by Hans-Jörg Schneider, Kazuaki Kato and Robert M. Strongin. www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/7/8/1578/pdfTHIS IS HOW THE GENOMES OF SPECIES ARE CHANGED: "Expanding the genetic code via mutant aminoacyl tRNA synthetases"-Wikipedia In some of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, the cavity that holds the amino acid can be mutated and modified to carry artificial, unnatural amino acids synthesized in the lab, and to attach them to specific tRNAs. This expands the genetic code, beyond the twenty amino acids universal in nature, to include an unnatural amino acid as well. The unnatural amino acid is coded by an otherwise non-coding base triplet such as the amber stop codon. The organism that expresses the mutant synthetase can then be genetically programmed to incorporate the unnatural amino acid into any desired position in any protein of interest, allowing chemists to probe, or change, the protein's function. For instance, one can start with the gene for a protein that binds a certain sequence of DNA, and, by directing an unnatural amino acid with a reactive side-chain into the binding site, create a new protein that cuts the DNA at the target-sequence, rather than binding it. By mutating aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, chemists have expanded the genetic codes of various organisms to include lab-synthesized amino acids with all kinds of useful properties: photoreactive, metal-chelating, xenon-chelating, crosslinking, color-changing, spin-resonant, fluorescent, biotinylated, and redox-active amino acids. THE SCRIPPS INSTITUTE HOLDS THE PATENT: www.freepatentsonline.com/7811801.pdfIf you have any questions about this, please email me at skizit@rocketmail.com
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Post by lilsissy on Feb 17, 2011 20:10:50 GMT -5
Great very valuable information , I have been looking for the very keys to Morgs myself . I am surprised somewhat that it is yeast but I do know that yeast variants are the ones that can survive extreme conditions. With the environment now containg more wireless energy in one day than our Grandparent where subject to in a lifetime I would say we tech humans are facing extreme conditions. I always think of the picture od N. Tesla with the wireless shooting around his head. When he first did this he noticed that phosphorus filaments lite up, I wondered if he too had a concern that humans have high phosphorus contents. Phosphorus filaments HMMMM.
May I throw some interesting finds at you as well. I suppose you know that Agrobacterium is now a new organelle in cells. Also the fungipod is something new I believe. Interesting to note along with this is that the nuclear envelops of bioweaponized fungus do not breakdown. I think fungus Poly NAG is what is used to break open the cells. Vesicles of this material can be made into a slurry and upon skin contact our W.B.C.'s form a pseudopod to reach out to the vesicles and together they form a gel that is pulled into the body.
Cytoophidium is the new snake like filament in fly and human cells.
Straw cells are a new find as well.
For sure something is up with prions. They where on the, do not talk about or go to jail ,list for Scientists in 2004, I believe. Greening disease is something that will take the Morgellons community by surprise is my gut feeling. Did you ever read about the advent of the find of the Polymer eating bacterium?
Also myt sister who has Morgellons regrew her ovaries, parp 1 gene ( polymer Gene) and hedgehog signaling.
The code is broken at 1q42 by Pertussis toxin as well as Giant Herpes cells.
I believe we morgs may be the carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene.
My family is displaying calcium build ups from nano bac. My breasts are full of calcium deposits, I wonder if this is a across the board find in Morgellons women?
Ultrasound turns our Mitrochordrial inside out . Submitrochrondrial particles.
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Post by skyship on Feb 17, 2011 23:29:44 GMT -5
Skizit,
Some of that is used in experiments done in lab, they are not released into environment.
There are lists in libraries, where constructs are made from.
What we have to determine is what proteins are used, they are named.
so are the recombinant genes.
The way into the human is how? in your opinion.
The models were used as models, for areas of human and animal studies, but the Hox genes homologenos genes like humans genes, or proteins like human proteins were substituted in a cell free system, which is in the Extracellular matrix, between cells, which then go into cells.
Way in was through the cell. The cytoskeleton cell. Please look at the Rho A, and the arp2/3 complex.
The genes in Morgellons are specific, they have names.
Organic cells to artificial cells which carry the chromosomal changes then change the dna.
What is delivery system?
skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 17, 2011 23:56:40 GMT -5
Doctors will not listen to anything we have to say, we are called delusional, and have been to numerous doctors who will not pay any attention to Morgellons. They will not read what we give them either. We have tried. This link is sensors and actuators and are not the same as signaling particles. So, one has to read between the lines, and see what the function of the creation is. this is not an easy task, and cannot be specified unless one actually finds the parts to this Morgellons Syndrome. Viruses are the mutators. When that was changed to hybridization using oligos, then the game changed. The dicty is a specific protein, gene, enzyme, or peptide. phages were used to deliver the chromosomes. Dna is changed through the chromosome and the connectors of the dna strands which are hydrogen bonds were broken and dna unwound, a process........the new aminos were inserted. There are promoters, operons, reporters(actuators/sensors), dicers, switchers, etc. that had to be done first, before the artificial oligos or mers could be hybridized, some were probes. just trying to let you know, we have been there, and we are narrowing this down to exact proteins, insertions, and the most damage has been done in the extracellular matrix, where the signaling system could be set up, and it is through epigenetics methylation and histone modification that the dna is changed. This is done in all cells, in the cytoskeletal cells. cytoskeleton cells are all over the body. Images of Cytoskeleton cells. tinyurl.com/49duwdjskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 0:28:58 GMT -5
Only 3 amino acids were added to the 20 that already exist. these have been isolated from other organisms, ====================== Unnatural selection www.sciencenews.org/view/download/id/63722/name/Making_proteins====================== . The amino acids are phenylalanine (Phe), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), methionine (Met), valine (Val), serine (Ser), proline (Pro), threonine (Thr), alanine (Ala), tyrosine (Tyr), histidine (His), glutamine (Gln), asparagine (Asn), lysine (Lys), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), cysteine (Cys), tryptophan (Trp), arginine (Arg), and glycine (Gly). Read more: www.answers.com/topic/genetic-code#ixzz1EHias8xcthe new ones are called: UAG is amber, UGA is opal (sometimes also called umber), and UAA is ochre. Start/stop codons Translation starts with a chain initiation codon (start codon). Unlike stop codons, the codon alone is not sufficient to begin the process. Nearby sequences (such as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. coli) and initiation factors are also required to start translation. The most common start codon is AUG which is read as methionine or, in bacteria, as formylmethionine. Alternative start codons (depending on the organism), include "GUG" or "UUG", which normally code for valine or leucine, respectively. However, when used as a start codon, these alternative start codons are translated as methionine or formylmethionine.[11] The three stop codons have been given names: UAG is amber, UGA is opal (sometimes also called umber), and UAA is ochre. "Amber" was named by discoverers Richard Epstein and Charles Steinberg after their friend Harris Bernstein, whose last name means "amber" in German. The other two stop codons were named "ochre" and "opal" in order to keep the "color names" theme. Stop codons are also called "termination" or "nonsense" codons and they signal release of the nascent polypeptide from the ribosome due to binding of release factors in the absence of cognate tRNAs with anticodons complementary to these stop signals.[12] Read more: www.answers.com/topic/genetic-code#ixzz1EHkurDuZA practical consequence of redundancy is that some errors in the genetic code only cause a silent mutation or an error that would not affect the protein because the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity is maintained by equivalent substitution of amino acids; for example, a codon of NUN (where N = any nucleotide) tends to code for hydrophobic amino acids. NCN yields amino acid residues that are small in size and moderate in hydropathy; NAN encodes average size hydrophilic residues.[27][28] These tendencies may result from the shared ancestry of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetases related to these codons. Read more: www.answers.com/topic/genetic-code#ixzz1EHmjaulQThese variable codes for amino acids are allowed because of modified bases in the first base of the anticodon of the tRNA, and the base-pair formed is called a wobble base pair. The modified bases include inosine and the Non-Watson-Crick U-G basepair.[30] Read more: www.answers.com/topic/genetic-code#ixzz1EHn4MheVskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 0:52:13 GMT -5
3-METHYLHISTIDINE, A NEW AMINO ACID FROM HUMAN URINE* substance responsible for it was not a peptide. The isolation of the compound by ion exchange chromatography, its identification as 3-methyl- L-histidine, and its synthesis from L-histidine form the subject of this com- munication. 3-Methylhistidine (a-amino-p-(I-methyl-4-imidazole)propionic acid) is an isomer of 1-methylhistidine (ar-amino-P-(1-methyl-5-imidazole)propionic acid). The latter compound has long been known to be a constituent of anserine (3) and has recently been isolated in the free form from urine by Searle and Westall (4). The structure of the l-methyl derivative was originally established by distillation of anserine with soda lime to give 1,5- dimethylimidazole (5). HC= C-CH,-CH-COOH HC= C-CHz-CH-COOH www.jbc.org/content/206/2/825.full.pdf=========== The short-term effects of protein intake on 3-methylhistidine excretion EB Marliss, CN Wei and LL Dietrich The urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine is used as a convenient index of muscle protein catabolism. Histidine is methylated in peptide linkage within muscle protein, and is quantitatively excreted when the protein is catabolized. www.ajcn.org/content/32/8/1617.shortskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 1:05:06 GMT -5
aminos are often substituted and are considered mutations: Of 82 patients screened, two nucleotide changes were found that resulted in amino acid substitutions (G55S and C71W); these changes were not seen in a control population. The amino acid changes map to a functionally important domain in caveolin-3, suggesting that these are not benign polymorphisms and instead are disease-causing mutations. hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/5/871.fullskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 2:04:31 GMT -5
Expanding the genetic code for biological studies. Wang Q, Parrish AR, Wang L. The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Abstract Using an orthogonal tRNA-synthetase pair, unnatural amino acids can be genetically encoded with high efficiency and fidelity, and over 40 unnatural amino acids have been site-specifically incorporated into proteins in Escherichia coli, yeast, or mammalian cells. Novel chemical or physical properties embodied in these amino acids enable new means for tailored manipulation of proteins. This review summarizes the methodology and recent progress in expanding this technology to eukaryotic cells. Applications of genetically encoded unnatural amino acids are highlighted with reports on labeling and modifying proteins, probing protein structure and function, identifying and regulating protein activity, and generating proteins with new properties. Genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids provides a powerful method for investigating a wide variety of biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318213===================== wang.salk.edu/index.phpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/images?term=19318213[PMID]skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 15:07:24 GMT -5
Skizit, I see the how the codon and anticodon can in effect change the code that is there. They say there are 10, but if primers and pryrimidines are used, the number may be up to 12. To form the newly coded system. However, that is not supposed to change hereditary information. It puts in another code. The Hypercube form. Page 6 www.mss.cbi.uni-erlangen.de/KkuDatabase/files/files/45/hcWWW.pdfIt is hard to think in these terms. Amino acid biogenesis. Changing the bases, not the genetic information. I think you are so on to this. Do you see it as matrix issue, outside of DNA code itself? So, this has something to do with the hydrogen bonds, that hold those aminos as they are there, Once broken then the bases are substituted with the new bases? I will look at that patent again. Isn't this all part of the cell free system? then the substitutions would be based on the synthetic. Thanks for all you do. And if we can help let us know, I think I may have to reassess my hypothesis a bit. Have you looked at Carnicom's work? www.carnicom.comskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 15:18:18 GMT -5
.. .."Applications of genetically encoded unnatural amino acids are highlighted with reports on labeling and modifying proteins, probing protein structure and function, identifying and regulating protein activity, and generating proteins with new properties. Genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids provides a powerful method for investigating a wide variety of biological processes both in vitro and in vivo." Unnatural amino acid list: HEre are the derivatives, so this was done through dimers, possibly? Aldrich made the dimers. That is the connection to the actin.www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/chemistry-products.html?TablePage=16274965================ Example: Aromatic Amino Acids:
670383 (R)-2-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid ≥99.0% (HPLC) C11H13NO2 I notice that naphthalene is in this one.............. tetrahydronaphthaleneen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene======================== tetrahydronaphthalene: Other names naphthalene 1,2,3,4-tetrahydride Bacticin benzocyclohexane Tetralin?en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetralin==================== this is a benzene...........=-=============== Bacticin:Product: BACTICIN EPA Registration Number: 00102300046 This pesticide is used as a: * BACTERIOSTAT This pesticide is registered for unrestricted use. This pesticide's toxicity code is 2, which corresponds to a toxicity category of Warning. Active Ingredients in this Product Percentage by Mass 2,4-DIMETHYLPHENOL .46% XYLENOL .46% M-CRESOL scorecard.goodguide.com/chemical-profiles/product.tcl?reg_nr=00102300046&prod_name=BACTICIN======================
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 15:36:59 GMT -5
3 - Methylhistidine: nitrogen loss... Clinical usefulness of urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in indicating muscle protein breakdown. M Elia, A Carter, S Bacon, C G Winearls, and R Smith Abstract Urinary excretion of the post-translationally modified amino-acid 3-methylhistidine, derived from the contractile proteins actin and myosin, was measured in patients with conditions associated with nitrogen loss. The ratio of 3-methylhistidine:creatinine excretion, a measure of the fractional catabolic rate of myofibrillar protein was increased in severe injury, thyrotoxicosis, neoplastic disease, prednisolone administration, and sometimes Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In myxoedema, osteomalacia, and hypothermia the ratio was decreased; and starvation, elective operations, and rheumatoid arthritis had little effect. Provided that the diet is meat free, measurement of urinary 3-methylhistidine may provide useful information on the cause of protein loss. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1504145/======================== This has to do with loss of actin and myosin proteins........... the trophin... Protein loss, so when we loose the protein bases of the amino acids, and/or are substituted by the new synthetic ones we lose the old protein? but substituted is not natural........In Morgellons, we are expelling something that does not appear natural, so could we be expelling the synthetic (Teflon?) polyethylene? polystyrene? vinyl? So one would start at the bases. Okay, this makes sense. but, does not change order of gene information? Only reads it differently? so has to be done through the messenger RNA. to the DNA back to RNA and protein?
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 15:39:59 GMT -5
======== But scientists always look for ways to expand the repertoire of protein building blocks through incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins, both in the test tube and inside living cells, because proteins with novel properties offered by unnatural amino acid are of great utility for basic biomedical research such as protein folding, trafficking, and interaction.After years of effort, unnatural amino acid incorporation has been successfully achieved in bacteria, and then in yeast. The approach mimicked the strategy every cell relies on to incorporate common amino acids into proteins: one stop codon is “hijacked” to encode an unnatural amino acid, and an enzyme is engineered to be capable of sticking the desired unnatural amino acid to a transfer RNAs (tRNA), which is modified to recognize the hijacked stop codon. So basically, a new product line is created for the protein factory and assigned to specifically load unnatural amino acids to the growing protein chain according to the instructions spelled by the genetic code.Being able to do this in mammalian cells is of tremendous value for scientists, because most biomedical questions relevant to human health have to be studied in the cells of higher organisms and animal models to arrive at the most meaningful answers. For instance, misfolding of the proteins in nerve cells plays a critical role in the aging of the brain and senile dementias, but its molecular mechanism is unclear so far. Unnatural amino acids with fluorescence will be a powerful tool to investigate these questions. However, working with mammalian cells is challenging and far more complicated than yeast or bacteria for many reasons. While it is easy to screen large numbers of mutated proteins in bacteria, the same experiment cannot be done in mammalian cells in the same way. Simply transferring bacterial tRNA genes into mammalian cells has been unsuccessful since mammalian cells fail to produce it. You have to come up with new ways to coerce mammalian cells to do that. ------ How it is done.======== We began by finding gene components that could drive mammalian cells to produce bacterial tRNA - a foreign molecular for mammalian cells that can carry only unnatural amino acids and deliver them to cell’s protein factories. We carefully designed a variety of gene constructs and introduced them into mammalian cells to test whether they could efficiently drive the expression of bacterial tRNA for our purpose. The experimental results turned out that, one of them, indeed worked efficiently as envisioned. Next, an enzyme capable of attaching the bacterial tRNA to the desired unnatural amino acid was needed. For this task we chose an enzyme that was selected from millions of mutated proteins and worked very well in yeast, and transferred this enzyme into mammalian cells. Although yeast is a simple organism, its molecular biology is much more like mammals - usually members from the same kingdom behave very similarly.
After testing our newly developed method in different mammal cells, including nerve cells, we then wanted to apply this technology to solve an otherwise intractable biological question. Nerve cells transmit their signals by the movement of electrically charged atoms, such as sodium and potassium, in and out of the cells through a “molecular gates” in the cell membrane. Previous studies have shown that when a signal travels along a nerve cell, one of the molecular gates named potassium channel Kv1.4, which belongs to a class of so-called fast-inactivating ion channels, opens briefly and then quickly shuts down. There are two hypotheses about how this may happen. The first proposes that the pore closes when a plug shaped like a ball and chain obstructs the hole. The second suggests that the channel’s flexible head feeds through a small side portal like a thread and blocks the central pore of the channel. Scientists have tried several conventional methods, but none of them has given any insightful clues as to which model was correct. To address this question, we switched an amino acid in the “thread” domain to a larger one. The idea was that if the ball-and-chain model were correct, a larger “ball” would not alter its effectiveness as a plug; otherwise, it would imply that the thread could no longer go through the side portal or get into the right position. However, even introducing the largest natural amino acid, didn’t reveal any differences. We then performed the experiments with an even bigger unnatural amino acid, an artificial synthesized unnatural amino acid, and found that it really made the difference. The process of inactivation became really slow, supporting the second hypothesis, and indicating the diameter of the flexible head plays a crucial role in the fast inactivation of this channel.tinyurl.com/4mo4zzuscitizen.com/biotechnology/improve-upon-nature-genetically-encoding-unnatural-amino-acids_a-28-875.htmlskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 15:58:10 GMT -5
The above states they used it for studies, no implementation yet. Now, they take on the form of buckyball.......... www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7326/full/nature09620.html12 seems to be a fair number. pentagons and hexagons. Hexagons can easily tile a flat surface, but not a curved one. Introducing heptagons and pentagons (defects with topological charge) makes it easier to tile curved surfaces; for example, soccer balls based on the geodesic domes1 of Buckminster Fuller have exactly 12 pentagons (positive charges). Interacting particles that invariably form hexagonal crystals on a plane exhibit fascinating scarred defect patterns on a sphere Here we show that, for more general curved surfaces, curvature may be relaxed by pleats: uncharged lines of dislocations (topological dipoles) that vanish on the surface and play the same role as fabric pleats. We experimentally investigate crystal order on surfaces with spatially varying positive and negative curvature. On cylindrical capillary bridges, stretched to produce negative curvature, we observe a sequence of transitions—consistent with our energetic calculations—from no defects to isolated dislocations, which subsequently proliferate and organize into pleats; finally, scars and isolated heptagons (previously unseen) appear. This fine control of crystal order with curvature will enable explorations of general theories of defects in curved spaces. From a practical viewpoint, it may be possible to engineer structures with curvature (such as waisted nanotubes and vaulted architecture) and to develop novel methods for soft lithography and directed self-assembly www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7326/full/nature09620.html============== morgspine.bravejournal.com/====================== skyship
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Post by skizit on Feb 18, 2011 20:20:01 GMT -5
Hi Skyship, That's a lot of stuff to take in. I'll ask first about, "I suppose you know that Agrobacterium is now a new organelle in cells. "
Do you have something to support this?
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 21:39:35 GMT -5
How was it established that agrobacterium is now a new organelle in cells? Was it through the tRNA? or the V(D)J of the ti plasmid? I have only found the change in the plant itself, however, this has puzzled me for a long time. I do wonder about the rhizomes and the organelle as well as the mitochondria, years ago there was a link to mitochondria changes from a rhino fungus and effects nose ears etc. but that did not have agrobacterium in it. Different forms of agrobacterium, like sphearicus, I have noticed Citovsky's report, he later denied agro was involved with Morgellons. However, he is on this patent: ===========The present invention provides compositions and methods for direct transfection of mitochondria and chloroplast DNA in living cells. More particularly, the present invention is based on the use of viral vectors that specifically bind to receptors uniquely found on the target organelle. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, a eukaryotic cell containing an organelle (1) that has been modified to express a viral receptor (2) on the organelle's surface is provided. A viral vector (6) comprising a desired recombinant DNA construct (3) is introduced into the cytosol of the cell, wherein the viral vector binds to its receptor and introduces the recombinant DNA into the interior of the organelle. www.freepatentsonline.com/7741112.htmlClaims: The invention claimed is: 1. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a mitochondrial localization signal from subunit VIII of human cytochrome oxidase operably linked to a sequence encoding a viral receptor, wherein the viral receptor is expressed on an outer mitochondrial membrane after the nucleic acid has been transfected into a eukaryotic cell. 2. The nucleic acid of claim 1 wherein the viral receptor is selected from the group consisting of OmpF, OmpC, PhoE and lamB. 3. The nucleic acid of claim 2 wherein the viral receptor is lamB. 4. An isolated eukaryotic cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a compositions and methods of transfecting organelles, in particular mitochondria and chloroplasts. ========================== this is the vector???
this goes more into detail:
listing some names of proteins/enzymes/acids.
Mitochondrial and organelle, I thought were two separate entities in the cell.
So, mito can be an organelle.
organelles can be many things. these are to the cell, what the organ is to the human body.
so they can be any of the apparatuses in the cell.
====================== most pertaining to us could be the mitochondria and cytoskeleton, not sure yet.
Examples
While most cell biologists consider the term organelle to be synonymous with "cell compartment", other cell biologists choose to limit the term organelle to include only those that are DNA-containing, having originated from formerly-autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via endosymbiosis. The most notable of these organelles having originated from endosymbiont bacteria are:
* mitochondria (in almost all eukaryotes) * chloroplasts[26] (in plants, algae and protists). Other organelles are also suggested to have endosymbiotic origins, (notably the flagellum - see evolution of flagella).Under the more restricted definition of membrane-bound structures, some parts of the cell do not qualify as organelles. Nevertheless, the use of organelle to refer to non-membrane bound structures such as ribosomes is common.[27] This has led some texts to delineate between membrane-bound and non-membrane bound organelles.[28] These structures are large assemblies of macromolecules that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. Such cell structures include: * ribosome * cytoskeleton * flagellum * centriole and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle================== If the Agrobacterium is a new organism or organelle, then that means it came in through the cytoplasm. ================
I did see this by Docampo...................
==================
Newly found organelle exists separate from plasma membraneResearchers looking inside a pathogenic soil bacterium have found an organelle, a subcellular pouch, existing independently from the plasma membrane. The discovery within a prokaryotic organism challenges the theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles and suggests a targeted approach to killing many disease-causing organisms."The organelle we found in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is practically identical to the organelle called acidocalcisome in unicellular eukaryotes," said Roberto Docampo, a professor of veterinary pathobiology in the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Docampo began researching these organelles in 1994. He soon determined that a tiny granule in yeast, fungi and bacteria, thought to be for storage, was a fully operational organelle containing pyrophosphatase, a pump-like enzyme that allows proton transport. He named it an acidocalcisome for its acidic and calcium components. In 2000, he reported its existence in Plasmodium berghei, a malaria-causing eukaryotic parasite.The newest discovery appeared in a paper published online this month by the Journal of Biological Chemistry. The paper, by Docampo and colleagues at the Center for Zoonoses Research and Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology at Illinois, will be published in a later print edition of the journal. lymebusters.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=rash&action=display&thread=13250======================== The organelle we found in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is practically identical to the organelle called acidocalcisome in unicellular eukaryotes,acidocalcisome in unicellular eukaryotes,,,,,,,,,,,this is what we are looking for............
that one celled is not agro but is identical to it. which means can be a thermophile.....
In the ribosomes this may have been used.
What acidocalsisomes are unicellular, one celled?
=====================Examples of acidocalcisomes in unicellular eukaryotes. this means a component of a one celled eukaryote, which is either , yeast, fungi, man.......protozoans.
this is where it comes from, is not agrobacterium though. may be in the agrobacterium but that is plant roots.
====================== AbstractAcidocalcisomes are acidic calcium storage compartments described in several unicellular eukaryotes, including trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites, algae, and slime molds.... volutin granules of Agrobacterium tumefaciens possess properties similar to the acidocalcisomes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that each intracellular granule was surrounded by a membrane. X-ray microanalysis of the volutin granules showed large amounts of phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Calcium in the volutin granules increased when the bacteria were incubated at high extracellular calcium concentration................. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12783865skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 22:15:20 GMT -5
Skizit,
We had a thread on this a while back, and brought in the trypanasoma proteins.
This freely goes in and out of the human cell.
Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium storage compartments described in several unicellular eukaryotes, including trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites, algae, and slime molds.======================== Here is Docampo with another article:Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate storage and osmoregulation in eukaryotic microbes
1. Roberto Docampo*, 2. Paul Ulrich and 3. Silvia N. J. Moreno + Author Affiliations 1. Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases , University of Georgia, 350A Paul D. Coverdell Center, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 , USA 1. *Author for correspondence (rdocampo@uga.edu). Abstract Acidocalcisomes are acidic electron-dense organelles, rich in polyphosphate (poly P) complexed with calcium and other cations. While its matrix contains enzymes related to poly P metabolism, the membrane of the acidocalcisomes has a number of pumps (Ca2+-ATPase, V-H+-ATPase, H+-PPase), exchangers (Na+/H+, Ca2+/H+), and at least one channel (aquaporin). Acidocalcisomes are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are an important storage of cations and phosphorus. They also play an important role in osmoregulation and interact with the contractile vacuole complex in a number of eukaryotic microbes. Acidocalcisomes resemble lysosome-related organelles (LRO) from mammalian cells in many of their properties. They share similar morphological characteristics, acidic properties, phosphorus contents and a system for targeting of their membrane proteins through adaptor complex-3 (AP-3) . Storage of phosphate and cations may represent the ancestral physiological function of acidocalcisomes, with cation and pH homeostasis and osmoregulatory functions derived following the divergence of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1541/775.abstract======================================= In evolution a prokaryote had to insert itself into a eukaryote, of which humans are. They do not belong there. So a one celled prokaryote was used to form this DENOVO cell. Woese was looking for the last universal common ancestor of cells............. organelles mito, etc.....as well as was Margulis, who supposed the crossover over from prokaryote to eukaryote was by symbiosis.
The cell was recreated in evolutionary manner, or denovo, redox, to the smallest part of the cell.
So, this could be a prokaryote inside of a eukaryote.
what are one celled eukaryotes?========================= Giardia has been the textbook example of a single-celled eukaryote that lacks mitochondria. Now, with the paper by Tovar and colleagues4, it becomes a prime example of an anaerobic eukaryote that possesses mitosomes — highly reduced mitochondria that do not function in core ATP synthesis, but are essential for the assembly of iron–sulphur clusters. The image is about 100,000 times life size. please see photo: www.nature.com/nature/journal/v426/n6963/fig_tab/426127a_F1.html=============== single cell eukaryotes.........similar to agro www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51ciliates.GIF====================== Agro has a flagella............... so the protozoan has to have a flagella.
here are the agro, but remember is same as acidocalcisome on unicellular eukaryotes, like the cilia.========================== epmb.berkeley.edu/facPage/dispFP.php?I=36======================== now, this form of agrobacterium could have been used.
This channel is the paradigm for type IV secretion systems (T4SS). T4SS are utilized by plant and animal pathogens to transport DNA and as well as protein toxins that manipulate their respective host cells to cause disease.
This is a derivative of agrobacterium like product.
========= Summary
Bartonella henselae is an arthropod-borne zoonotic pathogen causing intraerythrocytic bacteraemia in the feline reservoir host and a broad range of clinical manifestations in incidentally infected humans. Remarkably, B. henselae can specifically colonize the human vascular endothelium, resulting in inflammation and the formation of vasoproliferative lesions known as bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. Cultured human endothelial cells provide an in vitro system to study this intimate interaction of B. henselae with the vascular endothelium. However, little is known about the bacterial virulence factors required for this pathogenic process. Recently, we identified the type IV secretion system (T4SS) VirB as an essential pathogenicity factor in Bartonella, required to establish intraerythrocytic infection in the mammalian reservoir. Here, we demonstrate that the VirB T4SS also mediates most of the virulence attributes associated with the interaction of B. henselae during the interaction with human endothelial cells. These include: (i) massive rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in the formation of bacterial aggregates and their internalization by the invasome structure; (ii) nuclear factor κB-dependent proinflammatory activation, leading to cell adhesion molecule expression and chemokine secretion, and (iii) inhibition of apoptotic cell death, resulting in enhanced endothelial cell survival. Moreover, we show that the VirB system mediates cytostatic and cytotoxic effects at high bacterial titres, which interfere with a potent VirB-independent mitogenic activity. We conclude that the VirB T4SS is a major virulence determinant of B. henselae, required for targeting multiple endothelial cell functions exploited by this vasculotropic pathogen.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03964.x/fullbelieve me, Wiley knows..............
so you can see what was used. B henselae................ Skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 18, 2011 23:19:31 GMT -5
Agrobacterium and Plasmodesmata Our laboratory performs research in two distinct areas. In microbial biology we study the molecular mechanisms utilized by Agrobacterium that leads to the genetic transformation of plant cells. In plant biology we study how plant cells communicate with each other via unique plant specific intercellular structures called plasmodesmata. Agrobacterium mediated DNA transfer to plant cells. A specific DNA segment, T-DNA, is transferred from a large bacterial plasmid across bacterial and plant cell membranes and ultimately integrates stably into the plant nuclear genome. We study Agrobacterium-specific proteins and their respective molecular mechanisms responsible for producing a DNA-protein complex capable of plant cell transformation. Current research is aimed at defining the topology of the bacterial export channel. This channel is the paradigm for type IV secretion systems (T4SS). T4SS are utilized by plant and animal pathogens to transport DNA and as well as protein toxins that manipulate their respective host cells to cause disease.Model for topology of Agrobacterium type IV secretion system Helical localization of type IV secretion system proteins A model of how the 12 proteins (VirB1-B11, VirD4) essential for T4SS form a membrane-spanning channel is presented in Figure 1. The T-DNA is transferred as a single stranded intermediate called the T-strand. In addition, 4 proteins, VirD2, VirE2, VirE3, and VirF are exported by the T4SS to plant cells. This model was predicted by genetic and bioinformatics approaches. Current efforts aim to confirm the topology, location and function of the T4SS. We have recently determined that the multiple T4SS localize in a helical pattern around the circumference of the bacterial cell.This localization pattern was determined by deconvolution fluorescence microscopy of GFP fusions to T4SS components and substrates. Figure 2 shows several optical sections through the bacterial cell. This localization pattern was confirmed by immuno-fluorescence microscopy of native T4SS proteins. This localization pattern likely facilitates binding of Agrobacterium to susceptible plant cells. epmb.berkeley.edu/facPage/dispFP.php?I=36======================== Now from Ito IV types of agro are in plants. but this does not say that Type V is for plants. ================ tinyurl.com/69znzmoEven if in food, I would think it would pass through, unless it is a human vector.
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Post by skyship on Feb 19, 2011 0:05:28 GMT -5
T4SS are utilized by plant and animal pathogens So, if there are 20 plant and animal pathogens assoc with T3SS and T4SS, those pathogens carry this genetic package.
so, if we can narrow down the specific pathogen carrying this agro gene package?
================ Type III Secretion SystemsIn the 1980s and 1990s researchers studying Yersinia, a genus that causes human diseases ranging from bubonic plague to gas- trointestinal disease, found that the bacteria produced proteins that were thought to be associated with the outer membrane called Yops. Yops lacked classical signal sequences and were not secreted via a sec-dependent pathway and thus were assumed to be deliv- ered by a new type of secretion system, which later became known as a T3SS, representing its order of discovery in secretion systems.In the last 10 years T3SS have been identified in more than 20 bacterial pathogens that infect plants and animals (Table I). Al- though there is a high degree of conservation among the compo- nents of the type III apparatus in different bacterial species, the pathogens often carry a distinct set of virulence factors with a...... variety of functions that can be translocated into either animal or plant cells. The overall theme of these T3SS is the direct delivery of proteins that alter and in effect “hijack” the infected host cell for the pathogen .....www.jbc.org/content/278/28/25273.full.pdf========================= So, we need to look at the T3SS .................... we looked at IV and V....but T3SS is more virulent...............to animals and plants and humans.............
On left is non plant pathogens on right is the plant
page 3/4 in pdf, and 25275 their report.
you can see where this goes in the periplasm......
apparatus components of EPEC................. both type III and IV secretion systems
================ FIG.1. Models of type III and type IV secretion systems. A, diagram of the T3SS highlighting apparatus components of EPEC and the direct nature of translocation to host cells. B, diagram of A. tumefaciens T4SS highlighting apparatus components and the possibility of having two (or more) mecha- nisms of export across the bacterial inner membrane. www.jbc.org/content/278/28/25273.full.pdf======================== Table 1 shows all the pathogens...........that carry these secretion systems.skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 19, 2011 0:07:29 GMT -5
www.jbc.org/content/278/28/25273.full.pdfTable 1 shows all the pathogens...........that carry these secretion systems. Found in these pathogens: ============================== TABLE I Type III secretion systems are found in a wide variety of human, animal and plant pathogensBacterial pathogen DiseaseAnimal pathogensBordetella species B. pertussis Whooping cough and other respiratory diseases B. bronchiseptica Respiratory diseases B. parapertussis Respiratory diseases Burkholderiapseudomallei Meliodosis (septicaemia, pneumonia, infections) Chlamydia speciesC. trachomatis Infectious blindness, sexually transmitted disease C. pneumoniae Upper respiratory tract infections, possibly artherosclerosis C. psittaci Primarily animal pathogen Pathogenic E. coliEnteropathogenic E. coli Diarrheal diseases Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Diarrheal diseases, hemolytic uremic syndrome Rabbit EPEC Rabbit pathogen Dog EPEC Dog pathogenP. aeruginosa Opportunistic pathogen: cystic fibrosis, burn victims Salmonella serovarsS. typhi Typhoid fever in humans S. typhimurium Humans: gastroenteritis, bacteremia, enteric fever Mouse: typhoid feverS. dublin Cattle pathogen S. pullorum Poultry pathogen S. arizonae Reptile pathogen S. enteritidis Gastroenteritis in a broad host range S. choleraesuis Broad host range Shigella speciesS. dysenteriae Bacillary dysentery S. flexneri Diarrheal diseases Yersinia speciesY. pestis Bubonic plague Y. enterocolitica Gastrointestinal syndromes Y. pseudotuberculosis Self-limiting gastroenteritis Plant pathogens Erwinia speciesE. amylovora Soft rot of plants E. chrysanthemi Fire blight of rosaceous plants P. syringae Bacterial speck disease Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial wilt of solanaceous plants Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato Fish pathogensAeromonas salmonicida Furunculosis EndosymbiontRhizobium species Cultivar-specific nodulation of leguminous plants Sodalis glossinidius Intracellular endosymbiont of the tsetse fly Minireview: Bacteri 25274 =========================== So, any of these pathogens carry the EPEC apparatus that infects the agro III and IV types. T3SS or T4SS. Skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 19, 2011 0:55:42 GMT -5
The injection system? ? Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS) Main article: Type three secretion system T3SS.svgIt is homologous to bacterial flagellar basal body. It is like a molecular syringe through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio) can inject proteins into eukaryotic cells. The low Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol opens the gate that regulates T3SS. One such mechanism to detect low calcium concentration has been illustrated by the lcrV (Low Calcium Response) antigen utilized by Y. pestis, which is used to detect low calcium concentrations and elicits T3SS attachment. The Hrp system in plant pathogens inject harpins through similar mechanisms into plants. This secretion system was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.[3] T4SS.svg Type IV secretion system (T4SS or TFSS) It is homologous to conjugation machinery of bacteria (and archaeal flagella). It is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the T-DNA portion of the Ti plasmid into the plant host, which in turn causes the affected area to develop into a crown gall (tumor). Helicobacter pylori uses a type IV secretion system to deliver CagA into gastric epithelial cells. Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes the pertussis toxin partly through the type IV system. Legionella pneumophila, the causing agent of legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) utilizes type IV secretion system, known as the icm/dot (intracellular multiplication / defect in organelle trafficking genes) system, to translocate numerous effector proteins into its eukaryotic host.[4]. The prototypic Type IV secretion system is the VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens [5].www.ask.com/wiki/Secretion
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Post by skyship on Feb 19, 2011 1:08:49 GMT -5
Legionella pneumophila, the causing agent of legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) utilizes type IV secretion system, known as the icm/dot (intracellular multiplication / defect in organelle trafficking genes) system, to translocate numerous effector proteins into its eukaryotic host icm/dot (intracellular multiplication / defect in organelle trafficking genes) system, enter porins;; Type V secretion system (T5SS) T5SS.svgAlso called the autotransporter system,[6] type V secretion involves use of the Sec system for crossing the inner membrane. Proteins which use this pathway have the capability to form a beta-barrel with their C-terminus which inserts into the outer membrane, allowing the rest of the peptide (the passenger domain) to reach the outside of the cell. Often, autotransporters are cleaved, leaving the beta-barrel domain in the outer membrane and freeing the passenger domain. Some people believe remnants of the autotransporters gave rise to the porins which form similar beta-barrel structures.www.ask.com/wiki/Secretionso these secrete, then could come from food eaten that has had agro system III and IV inserted in epitelial in human gut, goes through the epithelial layer? or autotransporters cause porins? seems is in Bortetella Pertussis? ================== The C-Terminal Domain of the Bordetella pertussis Autotransporter BrkA Forms a Pore in Lipid Bilayer Membranes The autotransporters are a growing family of extracellular proteins, found in many gram-negative bacteria, that have many different functions but appear to have the same mechanism of export Members of this diverse family include immunoglobulin A proteases from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (21) and Haemophilus influenzae (36); VacA (11), a vacuolating cytotoxin from Helicobacter pylori; the AIDA-I adhesin (28, 43) from Escherichia coli; IcsA (44) from Shigella flexneri, which is involved in intracellular spread; the ring-forming protein (32) from Helicobacter mustelae; Tsh (37), a temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin from an avian E. coli strain; EspP (8), an extracellular serine protease from enterohemorrhagic E. coli; and tracheal colonization factor (17), the adhesin pertactin (10), and serum resistance protein BrkA (15) from Bordetella pertussis.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94107/==================
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Post by skyship on Feb 19, 2011 3:06:56 GMT -5
T3SS and T4SS of agrobacterium ; new organelle in human from agrobacterium LamB? In accordance with another embodiment of the invention a mutant lambda bacteriophage is used as a recombinant viral vector. Lambda phage binds to its bacterial receptor (the “lambda receptor” or lamB protein) via the fiber structure at the end of the tail. The tail fiber is composed of one protein subunit, the gpJ protein, which self-assembles in packaging bacteria or in vitro. Mutations in gpJ of lambda can alter the binding specificity of the lambda phage, thus allowing for the selection of mutant lambda that bind to proteins naturally associated with organelles of eukaryotic cells, and more particularly proteins associated with the surface of chloroplasts or mitochondria (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,388, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein). Accordingly, in one embodiment a lambda bacteriophage vector is selected as a delivery vehicle wherein lambda bacteriophage specifically binds to an epitope present on the target organelle, for example an epitope that is only present on the target organelle. The epitope can be all or part of a protein, lipid, sugar group such as a carbohydrate or a combination thereof. In this embodiment the lambda vector is introduced into the cytosol of a cell, the vector binds to its receptor, and the nucleic acid present in the vector is introduced into the organelle. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the target organelle can be transfected extracellularly or intracellularly. If the target organelle is transfected extracellularly, the transfected organelle can then be introduced to a cell using techniques known in the art such as fusion, electroporation, microinjection, ballistic bombardment, or liposomes. www.freepatentsonline.com/7741112.html
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Post by skyship on Feb 20, 2011 19:44:59 GMT -5
the acidocalcisome that is identical to agrobacterium was found in..... reviewing from above link: lymebusters.proboards.com/index.c....ay&thread=13250Docampo began researching these organelles in 1994. He soon determined that a tiny granule in yeast, fungi and bacteria, thought to be for storage, was a fully operational organelle containing pyrophosphatase, a pump-like enzyme that allows proton transport. He named it an acidocalcisome for its acidic and calcium components. In 2000, he reported its existence in Plasmodium berghei, a malaria-causing eukaryotic parasite. =============== www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=779800193On the other hand we have the Secretion Systems T3SS and T4SS..... from agrobacterium sources itself. skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 20, 2011 19:49:25 GMT -5
a tiny granule in yeast, fungi and bacteria, thought to be for storage, was a fully operational organelle containing pyrophosphatase what is the granule? these are found in trypanasomes as well. the black granule Acidocalcisomes (the black spheres) as viewed in a trypanosome, a family of parasites that cause African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. The cell is approximately 10 µm long and 4 µm wide. vetmed.illinois.edu/vetreport/summer2003/discovery.htmlskyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 21, 2011 0:06:42 GMT -5
(Kmarie) Mark Darrah's thread at LB: Studies I did on Volutin Granules after Kmarie's remarks on M. Darrahs statement. ================== Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by kmariezw on Sept 12, 2008, 8:35pm "The morgellons organism due to an unknown source that has fluidity, or stickiness if you will, that makes this fluid organism able to adhere itself to biological or synthetic fibers/filaments. The reason being for dispersal. These type of fibers/filaments whether biological or synthetic are able to facilitate locomotive ability via air and liquids. Due to the nature of the size of these fibers/filaments, they are able to enter human/animal and plant membranes and a possible assimilation with fungi. And these fibers/filaments contain internally or externally this “unknown biological /mineral fluid organism”. This entity may also be complimenting it’s locomotive movement by magnetic and electrical means. Mark Darrah 9-12-08 ----------- Re: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by skytroll on Sept 13, 2008, 12:04am biological /mineral fluid organism”. that would be inorganic mineral. acidocalcisomes................. Calcium channels. Identification of Organelles in Bacteria Similar to Acidocalcisomes of Unicellular Eukaryotes* Is this where organelles come from Bacteria? the evol paradigm is unraveling, folks. Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium storage compartments described in several unicellular eukaryotes, including trypanosomatid and apicomplexan parasites, algae, and slime molds. In this work, we report that the volutin granules of Agrobacterium tumefaciens possess properties similar to the acidocalcisomes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that each intracellular granule was surrounded by a membrane. X-ray microanalysis of the volutin granules showed large amounts of phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Calcium in the volutin granules increased when the bacteria were incubated at high extracellular calcium concentration. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, using antisera raised against peptide sequences conserved in the A. tumefaciens proton pyrophosphatase, indicated localization in intracellular vacuoles. Purification of the volutin granules using iodixanol density gradients indicated a preferential localization of the pyrophosphatase activity in addition to high concentrations of phosphate, pyrophosphate, short- and long-chain polyphosphate, but lack of markers of the plasma membrane. The pyrophosphatase activity was potassium-insensitive and inhibited by the pyrophosphate analogs, amynomethylenediphosphonate and imidodiphosphate, by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and by the thiol reagent N-ethylmaleimide. Polyphosphate was also localized to the volutin granules by 4',6'-diamino-2-phenylindole staining. The organelles were acidic, as demonstrated by staining with LysoSensor blue DND-167, a dye especially used to detect very acidic compartments in cells, and cycloprodigiosin, a compound isolated from a marine bacterium that has been shown to uncouple proton pyrophosphatase activity acting as a chloride/proton symport. The results suggest that acidocalcisomes arose before the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages diverged. www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/32/29971FORCED EVOLUTION, we did not ask for this!........I hope Mark Darrah is seeing this. Last universal cross barrier.....used for directed/forced evolution. prokaryote to eukaryote, and the acidocalcisome is still at it, the progenitor the root of all life. And it is being synthesized, in evolutionary manners, so to bring us into the earth/computer/magnetic/free energy fields. THE CONVERGENCE. DNA is being changed. one example: HSP 60, 70, 104 heat shock proteins from Archaea and kerogens, the dark matter of life............volutin granules are the BLACK SPECKS. However the granules are volutin granules, they are fudging reports so one cannot tell the difference between natural and synthetic, there is mimicking, mems, and this crosses the ATP ADP and GDP......... The magnetite or manganese activate............... Please, we have spent much time looking at this, I do so hope Mr. Darrah will as well. The beginning of the cell, and how it is being made. Protein biosynthesis/proton/electron/wireless/dark matter/molecular level. Skytroll more from others.............LIL SIS, here your's remember this? Re: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by skytroll on Sept 13, 2008, 12:07am Also, if Mr. Darrah could look at this. Inorganic pyrophosphatase Pyrophosphatase (or inorganic pyrophosphatase) is an enzyme that converts one molecule of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions. This highly exergonic reaction (about -34KJ change in free energy) can be coupled to unfavorable biochemical transformations in order to drive these transformations to completion, as in Lipid synthesis and other biochemical transformations. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_pyrophosphataseskytrollRe: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by kmariezw on Sept 13, 2008, 11:54am Hi Sky, Will send to Mark for you. KmarieRe: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by lilsissy on Sept 13, 2008, 12:46pm YES< YES Protonics!!!!!!! www.mitochondrial.net/showabstract.php?pmid=9705361ACTIN /Myosin locomotion.Re: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by kmariezw on Sept 13, 2008, 1:06pm Excellent Find as usual lilsissy! And.....................Look it is Chagas mixed in there. So why are they testing our donated blood supply for chagas? Oh because only a "handful" of people are infected here in the US. Also the test was MODIFIED................... um wonder why? A changed organnism:? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The vacuolar-type proton-translocating pyrophosphatase (V-H+-PPase) is an enzyme previously described in detail only in plants. This paper demonstrates its presence in the trypanosomatid Trypanosoma cruzi. Pyrophosphate promoted organellar acidification in permeabilized amastigotes, epimastigotes, and trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. This activity was stimulated by K+ ions and was inhibited by Na+ ions and pyrophosphate analogs, as is the plant activity. Separation of epimastigote extracts on Percoll gradients yielded a dense fraction that contained H+-PPase activity measured both by proton uptake and phosphate release but lacked markers for mitochondria, lysosomes, glycosomes, cytosol, and plasma membrane. Antiserum raised against specific sequences of the plant V-H+-PPase cross-reacted with a T. cruzi protein, which was also detectable in the dense Percoll fraction. The organelles in this fraction appeared by electron microscopy to consist mainly of acidocalcisomes (acidic calcium storage organelles). This identification was confirmed by x-ray microanalysis. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the V-H+-PPase was located in the plasma membrane and acidocalcisomes of the three different forms of the parasite. Pyrophosphate was able to drive calcium uptake in permeabilized T. cruzi. This uptake depended upon a proton gradient and was reversed by a specific V-H+-PPase inhibitor. Our results imply that the phylogenetic distribution of V-H+-PPases is much wider than previously perceived but that the enzyme has a unique subcellular location in trypanosomes. Re: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by lilsissy on Sept 13, 2008, 1:25pm You know I must say his statement matches the patent in the thread it. Poly-N- Actyl-Gluscosame makes it stick and opens our cells. It is the substance in fungus so you can use fungus or synthetic fibers coated with Poly-N-Actyl-Glucosamine. This causes our blood platlets to form podia and forms a gel. This gel causes our skin to form an Actin cytoskeleton which when introduced to a magnectic field interacts with it. The Actin cytoskeleton forms filaments. The patent is 121 pages that repeat thereself giving different options as what to mix them with. It is easier than baking a cake but the outcome is Gel, podia and Actin cytoskeleton along with whatever chemira effects you want that are ulitized by what ingredients you mix with the fibers. Any animal cells can be used any type cell be it neural,mast, immune .....any....... Also one celled creatures or nano's ect..ect....ect..... Poly-N-Actly-Gluscosamine is the sticking, breaking mechanism. Our cells react by breaking open , forming podia and accepting the foriegn material giving with the fibers. Our cell's form an Actin cytoskeleton and the calcium channel is the key too. And acidocalcisomes.................this makes perfect sense!!!! Jen AGAIN, Just skim it www.patentstorm.us/patents/7285266/description.htmlRe: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by kmariezw on Sept 13, 2008, 1:40pm More here from Lilsissy [image] trypanosome showing acidocalcisome organelles www.nature.com/nm/journal/v7/n4/full/nm0401_389b.html[image] Acidocalcisomes (the black spheres) as viewed in a trypanosome, a family of parasites that cause African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis and the first organisms where Docampo found this organelle. The cell is approximately 10 microns long and 4 microns wide. www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-06/uoia-odc061703.php[image] The ACIDOCALCISOME is an organelle first described in trypanosomes (Docampo et al., 1995). It is similar to volutin granules present in some other microorganisms. Its contents are very acidic and include a high density of calcium and magnesium, and its membrane contains many ion exchangers, including a novel category of Ca2+ pump. It is thought that the acidocalcisome functions in calcium storage and regulation, and the huge internal concentration of polyphosphates suggests an additional role in energy storage www.earlham.edu/~enderli/Re: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by lilsissy on Sept 13, 2008, 2:48pm nice comparison chart, Device Function Molecular example(s) Struts, beams, casings Transmit force, hold positions Microtubules, cellulose Cables Transmit tension Collagen Fasteners, glue Connect parts Intermolecular forces Solenoids, actuators Move things Conformation-changing proteins, actin/myosin Motors Turn shafts Flagellar motor Drive shafts Transmit torque Bacterial flagella Bearings Support moving parts Sigma bonds Containers Hold fluids Vesicles Pumps Move fluids Flagella, membrane proteins Conveyor belts Move components RNA moved by fixed ribosome (partial analogue) Clamps Hold workpieces Enzymatic binding sites Tools Modify workpieces Metallic complexes, functional groups Production lines Construct devices Enzyme systems, ribosomes Numerical control systems Store and read programs Genetic system Re: Statement from Mark Darrah on 9-12-08 Post by kmariezw on Sept 13, 2008, 7:17pm WOW lilsissy, keep going always love your finds! lymebusters.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=theories&action=print&thread=10903==================================================== So back to the volutin from agro resembling the volutin in acidocalcisomes. Skyship
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Post by lilsissy on Feb 21, 2011 1:23:36 GMT -5
Funny as Iwas readinghere, Ithought I really needto show skizit the patent I called the It patent and you already did Sky,
youpostedthis above Sky, UGA is opal (sometimes also called umber), and
sothe Opal there, wow!
I read an aricle on the biogenesis of new organelles may help us understand if I can bring it up.
Jen
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Post by lilsissy on Feb 21, 2011 1:38:17 GMT -5
SKIZIT, www.morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=850above is something I thought you might like here is the thread on the Agrobacterium organelle, www.morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=890the next two threads are on the a big reason for the ........ why we have Morgellons, www.morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=870must see picture page 1208 www.morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=861The system works best if everything goes a little artificial, not sure yet why the artificial? Jen www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6609/Well there you go SKIZIT Theory of Organelle Biogenesis: A Historical Perspective Barbara M. Mullock and J. Paul Luzio. Organelles, defined as intracellular membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells, were described from the early days of light microscopy and the development of cell theory in the 19th century. During the 20th century, electron microscopy and subcellular fractionation enabled the discovery of additional organelles and, together with radiolabelling, allowed the first modern experiments on their biogenesis. Over the past 30 years, the development of cell-free systems and the use of yeast genetics have together established the major pathways of delivery of newly synthesised proteins to organelles and the vesicular traffic system used to transfer cargo between organelles in the secretory and endocytic pathwayspre-morgellons announcement, www.morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=836
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Post by aqt on Feb 21, 2011 16:23:50 GMT -5
closing in, aren't we? ;D
great thread here!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Let's not forget the acidocalcisomes from the trypanosoma
and the kinetoplasts!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
aqt
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Post by skyship on Feb 21, 2011 18:13:04 GMT -5
I think the trypanasoma is where the volutin particles come in. Was taken from there. with the Kinetoplastid. I do think plastid and organelle are the same thing? not sure.
oh yeah.......... ======================== Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's color.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidso Organelle:In cell biology, an organelle (pronounced /ɔrɡəˈnɛl/) is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are to cells what an organ is to the body (hence the name organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive). Organelles are identified by microscopy, and can also be purified by cell fractionation. There are many types of organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes were once thought not to have organelles, but some examples have now been identified.[1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle[=================== so, plastids are organelles............ could be this came from trypanasoma protozoa in affiliation with the T3SS or T4SS secretion system of agro.
so, we will keep at it Skizit, lilsis, aqt. and others. LB has some good sources, as well as UK Morgellons and others. The kinetiplastid from trypanasoma, acidocalcisomes, volutin granules.
================================================= Docampo again:::::::::::Acidocalcisomes are dense acidic organelles — both in terms of weight and as shown by electron microscopy with a high concentration of phosphorus present as pyrophosphate and polyphosphate complexed with calcium and other elements Acidocalcisomes are related to organelles that were previously known as volutin or metachromatic granules and polyphosphate vacuoles, and which were thought to contain nucleic acids and/or to function as storage granules (TIMELINE). The discovery that trypanosomatid acidocalcisome membranes contain several pumps and exchangers suggested a metabolic function.After their identification in trypanosomatids, acidocalcisomes were found in several microorganisms such as Toxoplasma gondii ,which is the aetiological agent of toxoplasmosis, Plasmodium spp. ,which are the causative agents of malaria, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum .The recent identification of acidocalcisomes in bacteria and human platelets indicates that these organelles have been conserved from bacteria to humans.======= the above are parasites, so what bacterium could they have used? Agrobacterium.===== Acidocalcisome membrane Several pumps and exchangers and at least one channel have been identified in the acidocalcisome membrane (FIG. 4).Calcium pumps. A Ca2+-ATPase that is sensitive to vanadate and present in an acidic compartment was first identified in experiments using permeabilized T. brucei and T. cruzi cells and later detected in iso- lated acidocalcisomes from both parasite species, Genes encoding acidocalcisomal Ca2+-ATPases were identified in T. c ruzi (tca1), T. brucei (TbPMC1), T. gondii and D. discoideum.The T. c ruzi,T. brucei, and T. gondii genes were able to complement yeast mutants that were deficient in the vacuolar Ca2+-ATPase gene PMC1,providing evidence of their functionality. tinyurl.com/49o4s8n=================== Now, if found in agrobacterium which species? tRNA, or the secretion T3SS or T4SS or any of the secretion apparatuses.well ......well Docampo may the researcher to follow:
============== next post. Skyship
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Post by skyship on Feb 21, 2011 18:22:05 GMT -5
Study of the composition, function and biological distribution of acidocalcisomesPolyphosphate metabolism Calcium pools Proteomic analysis of purified acidocalcisomes......."Our recent identification of acidocalcisome-like organelles in bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodospirillum rubrum) and human platelets (dense granules) indicates that this class of organelles has been conserved during evolution from bacteria to man."............. ================ so we are looking at Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodospirillum rubrum. a lot of info here:======================== http://docampo_moreno.ctegd.uga.edu/projects.html ================= some good info here: 5 subgroups of Proteobacteria, ============= Phylogenetic relationship amongst different α-Proteobacteria note: where agro is, within the Rhodospirillum classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Lecture15-Microbio.htmSkyship
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