|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 19:52:37 GMT -5
More from Ethics...........
"The spontaneous growth and replication of lipid bilayer vesicles has already been demonstrated in the laboratory (Walde et al., 1994), as has the synthesis of information-carrying molecules inside lipid vesicles (Oberholzer, Albrizio, & Luisi, 1995; Pohorille & Deamer, 2002). Furthermore, self-replicating RNA molecules can be encapsulated in self-replicating lipid vesicles. Monnard and Deamer (2002) encapsulated T7 polymerase and a 4,000-base-pair plasmid inside lipid vesicles, and added the ribonucleotides ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP to the surrounding broth. By carefully cycling the temperature in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machine, they were able to achieve RNA synthesis inside the vesicles. This worked because the lower temperature permitted the RNA substrates to cross the vesicle membrane and the higher temperature activated the polymerase, catalyzing the production of more RNA."..............
so.....non coding RNA can do this.
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 20:00:05 GMT -5
The clay........Lil Sis...........so the electron from the cells, Carnicom talks of and this:
This system uses the clay montmorillonite, which is known to catalyze the poly- merization of RNA from activated ribonucleotides. In Hanczyc’s system, the clay serves two functions: It catalyzes vesicle growth by converting fatty acid micelles into vesicles, and it promotes RNA encapsulation into the vesicles. The enlarged vesicles can then be manually extruded through tiny pores, which causes them to divide into smaller vesicles that retain their original content. Putting this all together produces a complex vesicle-based system consisting of lipids, genetic material, and mineral catalysts that can be made to undergo continual cycles of growth and division.
.....................
so the iron and the clay, they found a way.............. bottom up or top down(Venter)......
bottom up in this case:
=========
This system uses the clay montmorillonite, which is known to catalyze the poly- merization of RNA from activated ribonucleotides. In Hanczyc’s system, the clay serves two functions: It catalyzes vesicle growth by converting fatty acid micelles into vesicles, and it promotes RNA encapsulation into the vesicles. The enlarged vesicles can then be manually extruded through tiny pores, which causes them to divide into smaller vesicles that retain their original content. Putting this all together produces a complex vesicle-based system consisting of lipids, genetic material, and mineral catalysts that can be made to undergo continual cycles of growth and division.
so two ways to create protocells. Wonder if used both? Probably.
They cannot do yet, What a lie, they are already doing this.
===================
"This system uses the clay montmorillonite, which is known to catalyze the poly- merization of RNA from activated ribonucleotides. In Hanczyc’s system, the clay serves two functions: It catalyzes vesicle growth by converting fatty acid micelles into vesicles, and it promotes RNA encapsulation into the vesicles. The enlarged vesicles can then be manually extruded through tiny pores, which causes them to divide into smaller vesicles that retain their original content. Putting this all together produces a complex vesicle-based system consisting of lipids, genetic material, and mineral catalysts that can be made to undergo continual cycles of growth and division."............
so the lipids are very important and the transmembrane itself for the accomplishment of this.
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 21:02:28 GMT -5
Going back to the ufasomes, it looks like these are in "artificial foods", this way, we have no idea. Recent innovations in conventional ufasomes Applications of fatty acid vesicles in the fields of food additives and drug delivery are largely unexplored, which is at least partially due to concerns regarding the colloidal stability of fatty acid vesicles (pH- and divalent cation-sensitivity). However, there are some recent studies, using either new types of fatty acids or mixed systems with other surfactants, which may change the situation in future. [1] New type of fatty acids in ufasome preparation Cis - 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reported to self-assemble into vesicles between pH 8.5 and 9. [17] Extension of the pH range The pH range suitable for the formation of fatty acid vesicles are generally narrow due to the requirement that approximately half of the carboxylic acid must be ionized. The pH range can, however, be extended by using the following novel approaches. ) Addition of amphiphilic additives such as linear alcohols or a surfactant with a sulfate or the sulfonate head group: for example, mixtures of decanoic acid and decanoate form vesicles between pH 6.4 and pH 7.8, but the pH for vesicle formation can be lowered to at least 4.3 by adding sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). By coaddition of an equimolar amount of SDBS to decanoic acid, vesicles also formed below pH 6.8. [18] b) Synthetically modify the size of the hydrophilic head group of fatty acids: enhanced stability of vesicles at lower pH was reported by using a fatty acid with an oligo (ethylene oxide) unit intercalated between the hydrocarbon chain and the carboxylate head group. The very bulky polar group has two effects, a lowering of the phase transition temperature (close to the Kraft point) and a lowering of the pH region for vesicle formation. [1] Insensitivity toward divalent cation Divalent cations such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ cause precipitation of vesicles even at low concentrations. Addition of fatty acid glycerol esters was found to stabilize the fatty acid vesicles in the presence of ionic solutes. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy studies of the ternary monoolein-sodium oleate-water system have also shown that uni- and multilamellar vesicles formed from mixtures of monoolein and sodium oleate and the vesicles remained stable for a prolonged period of time (over 1 year). [19] Enhancement of stability by crosslinking fatty acid molecules by chemical bonds One example is the formation of vesicles from anionic gemini surfactants with the carboxylic head group. Another example is the usage of a fatty acid (soap) with a polymerizable moiety (e.g., sodium 11-acrylamidoundecanoate: SAU). Both monomeric and polymerized SAU were reported to self-assemble into vesicular aggregates and vesicles from polymeric SAU were stable at elevated temperatures..................... www.sysrevpharm.org/article.asp?issn=0975-8453;year=2011;volume=2;issue=2;spage=72;epage=78;aulast=Patelso, this would be how the amphiphilics would get in there: Amphiphilics: these are filaments. Will see if can find the exact paper. I thought I covered this before: morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=print&thread=1167
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 21:19:09 GMT -5
I think the amphiphiles and bolaamphiphiles will make sense now. So, these are proton triggered: Dicarboxylic Oligopeptide Bolaamphiphiles: Proton-Triggered Self-Assembly of Microtubes with Loose Solid Surfaces pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la9802419?prevSearch=%255Ball%253A%2BHow%2BBolaamphiphiles%2Bare%2Bmade%255D&searchHistoryKey=It was Naidoo who had the perfect link: see they dumped some out in the morgboard link: Loot.co.za: Sitemap 9783527306978 3527306978 New Polymeric Materials - 5th Annual UNESCO School and IUPAC Conference, R.D. Sanderson,... ... 9783540277590 3540277595 Prebiotic Chemistry - From Simple Amphiphiles to Protocell Models, Peter Walde loot.co.za/index/html/index2891.html?referer=www.c... From Simple Amphiphiles to Protocell Models, Peter Walde Naidoo and the UNESCO conference well......seems is on pdf.......... 12. CURRENT MAJOR RESEARCH SPONSORS 1. Department of Trade and Industry 2. National Research Foundation 3. Water Research Commission 4. Accent Manaufacturing 5. BASF, Germany 6. Dutch Polymer Institute, The Netherlands 7. Eskom TSI 8. Ikusasa 9. Kuehl Technology cc 10. Mondi Business Paper 11. Mondi Packaging 12. Plascon 13. Roediger Agencies cc 14. Sasol Polymers 15. Sasol Technology That is who is funding this:...... more later, involves the "macromolecules, the protocells, the amphiphiles and bolaamphiles filaments. see what else we can come up with. CURRENT MAJOR RESEARCH AREAS 1. General polymer materials, especially: • Free radical emulsion chemistry • Purpose-built nanomaterials • Membranes Well, here is two we can check out: 3. RD Sanderson. RAFT emulsion dispersion techniques. SA 2003/4966, 25 June 2003. Provisional. 4. VB Naidoo, M Rautenbach, RD Sanderson. Bola-amphiphilic peptides - Supramolecular structures. SA 2003/8902, 14 November 2003. Provisional. Supermolecules, involving super chemistry and super macromolecules.
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 21:22:05 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 21:24:59 GMT -5
Okay, there has got to be more: mmmm assemble just like tau and "beta" sheets............. "Abstract A series of dipeptide-based bola-amphiphiles, bis(N-α-amide-L-valyl-L-valine) 1, n-alkane dicarboxylate (n=4–12), have been synthesized. The bola-amphiphiles with n=4 and 6 self-assembled to form crystalline solids in water, whereas those with n=7–12 produced peptide fibers. FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the peptide fibers have parallel-type β-sheet networks between the valylvaline units. FT-IR deconvolution study of carboxyl regions indicated that these crystalline solids and peptide fibers are stabilized by interlayer bifurcated and intralayer lateral hydrogen-bond networks between the end carboxylic acid groups, respectively. Keywords Bola-amphiphile; Peptide fiber; L-valyl-L-valine; Self-assembly; β-sheet; FT-IR spectroscopy" www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030441650000088X
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 12, 2012 21:37:03 GMT -5
So the non coding microRNA transposon could be amphiphilic molecues. Here it says it is very hard to tell the difference between natural molecules and synthetic, probably their goal really, So, it cannot be identified?====================================== Applications of functional surfactants Yan-Yeung Luk, Nicholas L Abbott Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(02)00067-5, How to Cite or Link Using DOI AbstractRecent studies have reported the introduction of a range of new chemical and biochemical functionalities into the structures of amphiphilic molecules. Assemblies spontaneously formed by these amphiphiles are in many cases highly complex and possess properties not found in systems formed from amphiphiles with simpler structures. In particular, the incorporation of peptides and oligopeptides into the hydrophilic domains of amphiphiles has led to new classes of surfactants that self-assemble into structures that mimic a variety of the functions of natural materials (including organic scaffolds of bone; inhibitors of proteins involved in viral infection; chiral polymeric amphiphiles; materials that promote adhesion of cells to surfaces). Amphiphiles functionalized with a range of carbohydrates have also been reported. These amphiphiles assemble into aggregate morphologies that depend strongly on the stereochemistry of the carbohydrate. These assemblies offer the basis of promising approaches for the design of polyvalent (potent) carbohydrate-based drugs. Finally, the introduction of redox-active and polymerizable functional groups into the structures of amphiphiles has provided the basis of a class of novel tunable solvents with potential applications in separations technologies as well as new materials that exhibit controlled release and catalytic properties. Keywords Amphiphiles; Functional surfactants; Peptides; Carbohydrates; Redox-active; Polymerizable; Biomimetic; Drugs; Polyvalency; Tunable solvents; Separations; Controlled release; Catalysis Figures and tables from this article: Full-size image (24 K) Fig. 1. Molecular structures of the bolaamphiphilies: 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5. Scanning force micrographs of aggregates formed by 3 and 5 are shown to the right of the structures. Full-size image (31 K) Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of three types of crystals formed by the two-dimensional assembly of enantiomeric amphiphiles (structures shown above the illustrations of the crystals) at the interface of water and air. Each hand represents an enantiomer in the crystal; e.e. stands for enantiomeric excess. Full-size image (21 K) Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the triple-helix formed by double tail amphiphiles that contain the peptide sequence of type IV collagen. The structure and sequence of peptides in the amphiphile is shown below the illustration. Full-size image (44 K) Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the inhibition of HIV-1 protease homodimer by amphiphiles that tether two peptides mimicking the interface of the protease. Optimization of the potency of the inhibitor is achieved by varying the residues on the amphiphiles, as shown below the illustration. Full-size image (75 K) Fig. 5. Molecular structure of a peptide amphiphile that self-assembles into a cylindrical aggregate. The five key structural elements of the peptide are highlighted. The cylindrical aggregate assembles into fibers that template the mineralization of the hydroxapatite crystal. The c axes of the crystal is aligned with the long axis of the fiber. Full-size image (52 K) Fig. 6. Molecular structures of disaccharide-tethered lipids used to prepare three-component liposomes. Electron micrographs of two-component liposomes (DMPC and Tween 20) and three-component liposomes (DMPC, Tween 20 and SucCn) are shown to the right of the molecular structures. Full-size image (19 K) Fig. 7. Molecular structure of a catanionic surfactant that contains a disaccharide and coumaine. Transmission electron micrographs of aggregates formed by the catanionic surfactants are shown below the molecular structures. Full-size image (35 K) Fig. 8. (Top) Schematic illustration of a separations process based on the electrochemical assembly and disassembly of micelles. (Bottom) The molecular structures of the reduced and oxidized states of (11-ferrocenylundecyl) trimethylammonium bromide; initial composition of the mixture of (a) orange OT (gray bar) and (b) Yellow AB (white bar) (cycle 0), and the evolution of the composition of the mixture after each cycle of solubilization and deposition. Table 1. Peptide-based bolaamphiphiles and their assemblies Table 2. I nhibition by hybrid liposomes of the growth of human tumor cellswww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359029402000675
|
|
|
Post by lilsissy on Nov 12, 2012 23:35:14 GMT -5
sky said since they are what move
I remember vividly an article with a video about the mixing together of muscle agents, actin and myosin, each where shown in separate vials with no movement but when mixed together the remained separate but rolled over each other.
The two remained constantly separated but rolling as ( ~ ) when rolling rather looked like @
also recall looking into desmin.
|
|
|
Post by skyship on Nov 13, 2012 0:23:29 GMT -5
So, there must be another purpose for this than to break up tumor cells, those tumor cells could be biofilms that forms from this material? If mimics of our own cells can be had, then these could be part of the secondary controlling system in the body? Some images: Peptide nanostructures: ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr6.jpg. TEM images taken from slides of resin-embedded PA nanofiber gel. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr1.jpgTEM images of negatively stained, helical terthiophene peptide lipid (TTPL) nanofibers. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr2.jpgFig. 3. TEM images of peptide nanofibrils incubated in silver (A and B), gold (C and D) and platinum (E and F) solution. No negative staining was performed. Metals on nanofibrils provided sufficient contrast. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr3.jpgCharacterization of nanostructures by the help of advanced TEM modules. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr4.jpgHydrogels: ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr5.jpgFig. 6. Different usage areas of modern SEM techniques in characterization of peptide nanomaterials. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr6.jpgFig. 7. Different supramolecular aggregates formed by tripeptide amphiphiles depending on the nature of end group ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr7.jpgFig. 8. AFM imaging of PA nanofibers formed on gold (A) and silicon (B) surface. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr8.jpgFig. 9. Polarizing light microscopy images of peptide amphiphile gels. (A) Well known PA gel, formed by short anisotropic domains. (B) PA gel film, formed by noodle-like gels, showing large and similar anisotropic domains. (C) One noodle-like gel string shows aligned monodomain extending over centimeters. (D) Light extinction at cross-points of two gel strings shows uniform alignment in each string. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr9.jpgFig. 10. Fluorescent staining of peptide nanostructures. ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0968432811001156-gr10.jpgwww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968432811001156So, you can see where peptides, amphiphiles and nanotubes all work together,
|
|
|
Post by Drew on Oct 22, 2020 21:17:19 GMT -5
canadian rx cialis generic cialis cheapest price cialis 5mg generic cialis online romania buy cheap cialis discount online
|
|
|
Post by Mabel on Oct 23, 2020 22:35:27 GMT -5
generic viagra xm radio where do i buy viagra cheap price viagra viagra contrareembolso generico buy brand viagra 4 pills
|
|
|
Post by Madeline on Oct 28, 2020 11:09:47 GMT -5
buy soft cialis online stendra vs viagra vs cialis buy cialis overnight delivery cialis safe online comprare cialis online contrassegno
|
|
|
Post by Juliet on Oct 29, 2020 6:07:44 GMT -5
viagra like herbs online pharmacy viagra usa buy brand viagra viagra generic uk comprar viagra femenina online
|
|