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Post by skyship on Apr 11, 2010 13:23:58 GMT -5
Here are some differences noted for protocell, microspheres, spherons, ============== Organelle blueprints unveiledAbstract In a recent issue of Cell, Jahn and colleagues report a comprehensive stock-take of the lipid and protein composition of a synaptic vesicle. As well as being a testament to patience and a precise scientific technique, this study provides an insight into the life cycle of these neurotransmitter-loaded organelles, which are concentrated at presynaptic nerve endings. www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v8/n1/full/nrm2089.htmlIn this case the vesicle itself is the protocell ===================== Polymer microspheres:Polystyrene microspheres are typically used in biomedical applications due to their ability to facilitate procedures such as cell sorting and immunio precipitation. Proteins and ligands absorb onto polystyrene readily and permanently, which makes polystyrene microspheres suitable for medical research and biological laboratory experiments. Polyethylene Microspheres are commonly used as a permanent or temporary filler. Lower melting temperature enables polyethylene microspheres to create porous structures in ceramics and other materials. High sphericity of polyethylene microspheres, as well as availability of colored and fluorescent microspheres, makes them highly desirable for flow visualization and fluid flow analysis, microscopy techniques, health sciences, process troubleshooting and numerous research applications. Charged polyethylene microspheres are also used in electronic paper digital displays. Glass microspheres are primarily used as a filler and volumizer for weight reduction, retro-reflector for highway safety, additive for cosmetics and adhesives, with limited applications in medical technology. Ceramic microspheres are used primarily as grinding media. Microspheres vary widely in quality, sphericity, uniformity, particle size and particle size distribution. The appropriate microsphere needs to be chosen for each unique application. ============= Biological ProtocellsSome refer to microspheres or protein protocells as small spherical units postulated by some scientists as a key stage in the origin of life. In 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey demonstrated that many simple biomolecules could be formed spontaneously from inorganic precursor compounds under laboratory conditions designed to mimic those found on Earth before the evolution of life. Of particular interest was the substantial yield of amino acids obtained, since amino acids are the building blocks for proteins. In 1957, Sidney Fox demonstrated that dry mixtures of amino acids could be encouraged to polymerize upon exposure to moderate heat. When the resulting polypeptides, or proteinoids, were dissolved in hot water and the solution allowed to cool, they formed small spherical shells about 2 μm in diameter—microspheres. Under appropriate conditions, microspheres will bud new spheres at their surfaces. Although roughly cellular in appearance , microspheres in and of themselves are not alive. Although they do reproduce asexually by budding, they do not pass on any type of genetic material. However they may have been important in the development of life, providing a membrane-enclosed volume which is similar to that of a cell. Microspheres, like cells, can grow and contain a double membrane which undergoes diffusion of materials and osmosis. Sidney Fox postulated that as these microspheres became more complex, they would carry on more lifelike functions. They would become heterotrophs, organisms with the ability to absorb nutrients from the environment for energy and growth. As the amount of nutrients in the environment decreased, competition for those precious resources increased. Heterotrophs with more complex biochemical reactions would have an advantage in this competition. Over time, organisms would evolve that used photosynthesis to produce energy. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsphere=================== skyship
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Post by skyship on Apr 11, 2010 13:55:38 GMT -5
biological protocell into artificial symbiosis, the new Evolution ============================ A manifesto for protocell architecture: against biological formalism...."Protocell Architecture is connected to the environment through constant conversation and energy exchange with the natural world in a series of chemical interactions called ‘metabolism’. This involves the conversion of one group of substances into another, either by absorbing or releasing energy – doing more with less." tinyurl.com/y85a7vp====================== Introduction to Protocells and Artificial Cells Two cell architectures : In/OUT Vesicular and micellar cell architectures with informational chemistry on inside or outside. The following provides a general introduction to protocells and artificial cells, from the physical and chemical perspective, outlining how they are defined, methods of producing them, their scientific roots in Origin of Life and Artificial Life research, and why the time is now ripe for their research and exploitation. While the term protocell refers to both natural and artificial cells that are simpler than all current and known biological cells, the term artificial cell refers to any artificial entity fulfilling the basic properties ascribed to cells: in PACE this involves the three systems that endow the cell with a measur eof chemical evolvability and autonomy: a metabolism, containment system and genetic encoding of key components. tinyurl.com/y9ayart=================== The top-down approach begins with an existing contemporary living cell, typically a very simple one, and reduces its genome by successive removal of genes, to arrive at a minimal cell with just enough genes to maintain itself and reproduce (Hutchison et al., 1999). One long-range aim of this top-down research is to make an artificial cell by destroying a cell’s original genome and inserting a new minimal genome that is synthesized externally from nucleotides using genomic technology (Glass et al., 2006). A spectrum of intermediate levels of functional organization is spanned by top-down approaches beginning with living matter (contemporary cells) and bottom-up approaches beginning with nonliving matter, as illustrated in figure 2. ...."Once a population of protocells exists, their functional effectiveness might cause some to be selected over others. If there is a combinatorially large family of possible forms of informational control, and if information inheritance is neither too perfect nor too imperfect, then the process of evolution might be able to improve those functionalities over time. Evolvability is often thought to be an essential property of life (e.g., Maynard Smith, 1975), but it remains elusive in existing protocell realizations"............ tinyurl.com/yffm3b5Like in the movies on SSB site...... The artificial inorganic chemical works with the organic natural chemistry and biological form. So alga, fungi, stones, metals polymers and clams work together, clam shells become catalysts for new forms. barnacles, sand, silica becomes polymer, etc. In genes, the dimers become the new cells, mixing with dna...... the protocells are not made of dna, but, can vector dna, or can replicate dna, by symbiosing with it. Our nerves become electrical conduits, our actin become motile Neurospora crassa and the spitzenkorper is one thing in particular. Flavenoids, artificially put in foods: Example: Coacervates: used in the simulation of origin of protocell. Oparin, Fox etc. www.microporetech.com/coacervate.htmlFlavonoids or flavanoids, food flavoring, are how we get into our systems. So along with aspartame, msg, flavinoids add another artificial ingredient into our lives. Coacervates is the key. more on that later. skyship
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Post by skyship on Apr 11, 2010 14:12:42 GMT -5
Vitamin P and Citrin. Molecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) Isoflavan structure Neoflavonoids structure Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids), also collectively known as Vitamin P and citrin[1], are a class of plant secondary metabolites. According to the IUPAC nomenclature,[2] they can be classified into: * flavonoids, derived from 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure (examples: quercetin, rutin). * isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure * neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarine (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structure. The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds, and as such, are flavonoids and flavonols. This class was the first to be termed "bioflavonoids." The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds which are more specifically termed flavanoids, flavan-3-ols, or catechins (although catechins are actually a subgroup of flavanoids). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidflavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) www.sierraacai.com/wheatgrass/Flavonoid.html=========== en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-Phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone.svg breaking it down to the chemical structure: it is an ester, folks!' Polyphenol Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol unit or building block per molecule. Polyphenols are generally divided into hydrolyzable tannins (gallic acid esters of glucose and other sugars) and phenylpropanoids, such as lignins, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol============================ Potential biological consequences A macrophage stretching its arms to engulf two particles. Reactive oxygen species promote oxidized LDL and polyphenol antioxidants combat this inflammatory response. Consuming dietary polyphenols may be associated with beneficial effects in higher animal species: * Reduction in inflammatory effects such as coronary artery disease[5][6] including specific medical research into the pathways of improved endothelial health via downregulation of oxidative LDL.[7] * More generally the tea polyphenol antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has been shown to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in vitro.[8] * Some polyphenols, such as resveratrol, inhibit occurrence and/or growth of experimental tumors.[9] * Other beneficial health effects may result from consumption of foods rich in polyphenols, but are not yet proved scientifically in humans so are not allowed as health statements by regulatory authorities like the FDA. Among these potential effects are anti-aging consequences such as slowing the process of skin wrinkling.[10] For some of the side-benefits (such as prevention of peripheral artery disease), further research is continuing to clarify the role polyphenol antioxidants may have.[11][12] * Although initial studies suggested that antioxidant supplements might promote health, later large clinical trials did not detect any benefit and suggested instead that excess supplementation may be harmful.[13] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol_antioxidant#cite_note-10note last sentence ================ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macrophage.jpgskyship ====================== this is what makes the lignin and reacts with fatty cells, another artificial ingredient. Coacervates, flavenoids, fatty acids the other part: benzopyrone =========================== Benzopyrone Benzopyrone may refer to either of two ketone derivatives of benzopyran which constitute the core skeleton of many flavonoid compounds: * Chromone (1-benzopyran-4-one) * Coumarin (1-benzopyran-2-one) Certain simple benzopyrones have clinical medical value as an edema modifiers. Coumarin and other benzopyrones, such as 5,6 benzopyrone, 1,2 benzopyrone, diosmin and others are known to stimulate macrophages to degrade extracellular albumen, allowing faster resorption of edematous fluids.[1][2] Naturally occurring coumarin is also the basis for various 4-hydroxybenzopyrone-based molecules which occur naturally dicoumarol and are made synthetically warfarin and function as anticoagulants. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzopyrone
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Post by skyship on Apr 11, 2010 14:28:38 GMT -5
Benzopyrone is in coumarin: Toxicity and use in foods, beverages, tobacco, and cosmetics Coumarin is moderately toxic to the liver and kidneys, with an LD50 of 275 mg/kg—low compared to related compounds. Although only somewhat dangerous to humans, coumarin is a potent rodenticide: rats and other rodents largely metabolize it to 3,4-coumarin epoxide, a toxic compound that can cause internal hemorrhage and death. Humans largely metabolize it to 7-hydroxycoumarin, a compound of lower toxicity. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment has established a tolerable daily intake of 0.1 mg coumarin per kg body weight, but also advises that, [if] this level is exceeded for a short time only, there is no threat to health.[9] For example, a person weighing 135 lbs or about 61 kg would have a TDI of approximately 6.1 mg of coumarin. European health agencies have warned against consuming high amounts of cassia bark, one of the four species of cinnamon, because of its coumarin content.[10] According to the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 1 kg of (cassia) cinnamon powder contains approximately 2100 to 4400 mg of coumarin.[11] Powdered Cassia Cinnamon weighs 0.56 g/cc[12]; therefore, 1 kg of Cassia Cinnamon powder is equal to 362.29 teaspoons (1000 g divided by 0.56 g/cc multiplied by 0.20288 tsp/cc). This means 1 teaspoon of cinnamon powder contains 5.8 to 12.1 mg of coumarin, which may be above the Tolerable Daily Intake for smaller individuals.[11] However, it is important to note that the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment only cautions against high daily intakes of foods containing coumarin. Chamomile, a common herbal tea, also contains coumarin. Coumarin is often found in tobacco products and artificial vanilla substitutes, despite having been banned as a food additive in numerous countries since the mid-20th century. Coumarin was banned as a food additive in the United States in 1978. OSHA considers this compound to be only a lung-specific carcinogen, and "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans".[13] Coumarin was banned as an adulterant in cigarettes by tobacco companies in 1997, but due to the lack of reporting requirements to the US Department of Health and Human Services it was still being used as a flavoring additive in pipe tobacco.[citation needed] Coumarin is currently listed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) among "Substances Generally Prohibited From Direct Addition or Use as Human Food", according to 21 CFR 189.130,[14][15] but some natural additives containing coumarin (such as Sweet Woodruff) are allowed "in alcoholic beverages only" (21 CFR 172.510).[16] In Europe, such beverages are very popular, for example Maiwein (white wine with woodruff) and Żubrówka (vodka flavoured with bison grass). Coumarin should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumarin===================== Chromone (or 1,4-benzopyrone) is a derivative of benzopyran with a substituted keto group on the pyran ring. Derivatives of chromone are collectively known as chromones. Most, though not all, chromones are also flavonoids. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromonemolecules that changed the world: Synthesis of Chromones and Flavones www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/heterocycles/chromones-flavones.shtm================== skyship
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Post by skyship on Apr 11, 2010 14:29:34 GMT -5
Organic and inorganic chemistry One important point that Wöhler's research showed was that the principles and techniques of chemistry apply equally well to compounds found in living organisms and in nonliving things. Nonetheless, some important differences between organic and inorganic (not organic) compounds exist. These include the following: Major Organic Families and the Functional Groups They Contain Family Functional Group Alkane carbon-carbon singal bonds only: C-C Alkene at least one carbon-carbon double bond: C=C Alkyne at least one carbon-carbon triple bond: C≡C Alcohol hydroxyl group: C-OH Ether carbon-oxygen-carbon bonding: C-O-C Aldehyde and ketone carboxyl (C=O) group: C-C=O Carboxylic acid carboxylic (C=O) group: Ester ester (C=O) group: Amine amine (NH 2 ) group: C-NH 2 1. The number of organic compounds vastly exceeds the number of inorganic compounds. The ratio of carbon-based compounds to non-carbon-based compounds is at least ten to one, with close to 10 million organic compounds known today. The reason for this dramatic difference is a special property of the carbon atom: its ability to join with other carbon atoms in very long chains, in rings, and in other kinds of geometric arrangements. It is not at all unusual for dozens, hundreds, or thousands of carbon atoms to bond to each other within a single compound—a property that no other element exhibits. 2. In general, organic compounds tend to have much lower melting and boiling points than do inorganic compounds. 3. In general, organic compounds are less likely to dissolve in water than are inorganic compounds. 4. Organic compounds are likely to be more flammable but poorer conductors of heat and electricity than are inorganic compounds. 5. Organic reactions tend to take place more slowly and to produce a much more complex set of products than do inorganic reactions. www.scienceclarified.com/Oi-Ph/Organic-Chemistry.htmlskyship
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Post by skyship on Apr 11, 2010 15:51:13 GMT -5
Building artificial cells and protocell models: Experimental approaches with lipid vesicles Keywords artificial cells • liposomes • minimal cells • origin of life • protocells • synthetic cells Abstract Lipid vesicles are often used as compartment structures for preparing cell-like systems and models of protocells, the hypothetical precursor structures of the first cells at the origin of life. Although the various artificially made vesicle systems are already remarkably complex, they are still very different from and much simpler than any known living cell. Nevertheless, the preparation and study of the structure and the dynamics of functionalized vesicle systems may contribute to a better understanding of biological cells, in particular of the essential features of a living cell that are not found in the non-living form of matter. The study of protocell models may possibly lead to a better understanding of the origin of the first cells. To avoid misunderstanding in this field of research, it would be useful if generally accepted definitions of terms like artificial cells, synthetic cells, minimal cells, protocells, and primitive cells exist. www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123315989/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0artificial cells • liposomes • minimal cells • origin of life • protocells • synthetic cells ================= Life Cycle of a Minimal Protocell---A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study Source Artificial Life archive Volume 13 , Issue 4 (Fall 2007) table of contents Pages: 319-345 Year of Publication: 2007 ISSN:1064-5462 Publisher MIT Press Cambridge, MA, USA ABSTRACT Cross-reactions and other systematic difficulties generated by the coupling of functional chemical subsystems pose the largest challenge for assembling a viable protocell in the laboratory. Our current work seeks to identify and clarify such key issues as we represent and analyze in simulation a full implementation of a minimal protocell. Using a 3D dissipative particle dynamics simulation method, we are able to address the coupled diffusion, self-assembly, and chemical reaction processes required to model a full life cycle of a protocell composed of coupled genetic, metabolic, and container subsystems. Utilizing this minimal structural and functional representation of the constituent molecules, their interactions, and their reactions, we identify and explore the nature of the many linked processes for the full protocellular system. Obviously the simplicity of this simulation method combined with the inherent system complexity prevents us from expecting quantitative simulation predictions from these investigations. However, we report important findings on systemic processes, some previously predicted and some newly discovered, as we couple the protocellular self-assembly processes and chemical reactions. portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1288839.1288840#abstract========================== Welcome Trust has a hold of all of this? wonder why? They are the stakeholders! of life, the lightening rod! syntheticbiology.org/skyship
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Post by Darwin on Nov 1, 2020 15:21:06 GMT -5
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